Methods and apparatus for measuring thermal neutron decay characteristics of earth formations

ABSTRACT

In the exemplary embodiments of the invention disclosed, thermal neutron decay characteristics of an earth formation, e.g. the thermal neutron decay time constant τ and the macroscopic capture cross section Σ, are measured by detecting indications of the thermal neutron concentration in the formation during a selected set of two different measurement intervals between neutron bursts and forming a ratio of such measurements, as accumulated for an appropriate length of time, from which the measured value of the decay characteristic is derived. The particular set of measurement intervals used is selected from among a number of possible sets as a function of a previously measured value of the decay characteristic. Each measurement interval set is used over only a specific range of decay characteristic values for which it has been determined, in accordance with a previously established relationship between the decay characteristic value and the ratio of the thermal neutron concentration measurements for the set, to afford enhanced statistical accuracy in the measured value of the decay characteristic. The measured value of the decay characteristic is then determined from the actual measured value of the ratio for the selected measurement interval set and the previously established relationship for that set. Each measurement interval preferably consists of a plurality of contiguous, discrete time gates whose durations and times of occurrence are adjustable in common by a finite number, e.g. four, of discrete scale factor values F. Each F value corresponds to a specific range of decay characteristic values, with the F value used for any given measurement being selected on the basis of a previously measured value of the decay characteristic. Regions of overlap are provided between the decay characteristic value ranges for adjacent F values so that F need not be changed merely as a result of statistical variations in the decay characteristic.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates in general to the measurement of the rate of decay, or capture, of thermal neutrons in earth formations and, more particularly, to new and improved methods and apparatus for measuring thermal neutron decay time constants and related capture cross sections of earth formations traversed by a well bore.

2. The Prior Art

Heretofore, pulsed-neutron capture logs have provided measurements of thermal neutron capture characteristics of earth formations, e.g. the thermal neutron decay time constant (τ) and its correlative the macroscopic capture cross section (Σ), which have proven useful in differentiating between oil or gas-bearing formations and water-bearing formations. Such logs are especially useful in recognizing the presence of hydrocarbons in cased formations, and to detect changes in water saturation during the production life of a well.

Thermal neutron characteristic measurements are typically made by irradiating a formation with bursts of fast (e.g. 14 Mev) neutrons and following the decay of the thermal neutron concentration in the formation by counting the gamma rays emitted by formation nuclei upon the capture of thermal neutrons during discrete time intervals, or gates, following each neutron burst. In one prior tool disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,379,882 to A. H. Youmans, the capture gamma rays are measured during two gates which are fixed both in time of occurrence after the burst and in duration. Although affording useful information in formations of average decay times, the Youmans fixed-gate system tends to yield unreliable measurements where the decay time of the formation is either very long or very short. Moreover, the gamma ray count rate measurement during the second fixed-gate is sometimes subject to excessive statistical variation, particularly in short decay time formations. In an important advance over the fixed-gate system, W. B. Nelligan in U.S. Pat. No. 3,566,116 (now U.S. Pat. No. Re. 28,477) patented a sliding-gate system in which three measurement gates are utilized and in which the time-after-burst occurrence and duration of all of the gates are automatically varied, in a feed-back loop operation, according to the currently measured value of the decay time constant. The first two gates are timed to detect capture gamma rays from the formation and the third gate is timed to detect background gamma rays. This system operates properly to position the gates for optimum background-corrected measurements over a wide range of decay times τ and cross sections Σ, thereby avoiding the deficiencies in respect of unreliability and statistical variation encountered in the fixed-gate system in cases of extreme decay rates. For still better results, Nelligan further provides that the duration and repetition rate of the neutron bursts could also be varied as a function of the currently measured decay time value. This affords the added advantage of maximizing the duty cycle of the neutron generator in a manner consistent with accurate measurement of the decay time value of the formation being logged. Later embodiments of the Nelligan sliding-gate concept are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,662,179, granted May 9, 1972 to Frentrop et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 3,890,501 granted June 17, 1975 to C. W. Johnstone. Thermal neutron decay time logging, in accordance with the Nelligan sliding-gate technique as described in the aforementioned patents, is provided commercially by Schlumberger Well Services, and has become a widely accepted and important cased-hole service.

It is desirable, however, to improve still further this service. Specifically, it is desirable to provide still greater statistical precision in the measurements of τ, Σ and background by improvement in the manner of detection of the rate of decay of the thermal neutron concentration. Also, the infinitely variable, feed-back loop type of operation previously used with the Nelligan sliding-gate system is sometimes subject to "jitter" when low counting rates are encountered. That is to say, variations in the settings of the measurement gates and the neutron bursts sometimes result from statistical variations in the gamma ray count rates rather than as the result of any change in the decay time of the formation under investigation. Again, where the decay time drops sharply, such as at bed boundaries, the feed-back loop of the sliding-gate tool sometimes, though infrequently, fails to change the timing of the gates fast enough to keep up with the fall off in the gamma ray count rate. This could result in the tool measuring insufficient count rates for the feed-back loop to work properly, which situation could in turn leave the gates and bursts "latched" at positions later after the burst than would be optimum for the new decay time. Although this situation can be readily overridden manually and the gates quickly restored to the proper positions, it is desirable to avoid such inadvertent "latching" of the τ computation circuits. It additionally is desirable to provide for the measurement of all decay time values over the full τ range normally encountered, e.g. from <50 μsec to >600 μsec, without any discontinuities.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The foregoing and other objects are attained, in accordance with the invention, by the provision of methods and apparatus for measuring thermal neutron decay characteristics of earth formations in which the decay of the thermal neutron concentration in a formation is measured during a certain set of two different measurement intervals following irradiation of the formation with discrete bursts of fast neutrons, the particular set of measurement intervals used being selected from among a number of possible sets of two measurement intervals as a function of a previously known value of the decay characteristic to be measured. Each set of measurement intervals corresponds to a specific range of values of the decay characteristic, and the particular set used for a given measurement is selected as that set whose corresponding decay characteristic value range encompasses the previously known value of the decay characteristic. A ratio is formed of the accumulated thermal neutron concentration measurements made during each of the measurement intervals of the selected set following a number of neutron bursts, and a new value of the decay characteristic is determined as a function of the ratio. The new value of the decay characteristic thus determined is then used as the known value of the decay characteristic for purposes of selecting the particular measurement interval set to be used following a subsequent number of neutron bursts. This cycle is repeated repetitively in the course of a logging run, so that new values of the decay characteristic are periodically being determined as the logging tool traverses a well bore. As the measurement interval set used to determine each new decay characteristic value is selected on the basis of the previously most recent value, not only are changes in the decay characteristic readily and rapidly detected but the actual measurement interval set used in measuring the thermal neutron concentrations also is automatically changed in correspondence with the change in the decay characteristic properly to locate the measurement intervals for maximum statistical accuracy in the determination of the decay characteristic value.

In accordance with the invention, an empirical relationship is previously established between the decay characteristic value and the ratio of accumulated thermal neutron concentration measurements for each set of measurement intervals. Preferably, this relationship and the times of occurrence of the measurement intervals in the corresponding interval set are determined so as to afford the minimum deviation in the measured value of the decay characteristic over the full range of values thereof corresponding to that set of measurement intervals. The new value of the characteristic is then determined in practice from the actual measured value of the ratio and the empirical relationship for the selected measurement interval set used in making the thermal neutron concentration measurements. Where the decay characteristic being measured is the thermal neutron decay time constant τ, the empirical relationship suitably is a linear relationship in the form τ=a+b R⁻¹, where R⁻¹ is the inverse of the ratio of the measurements made in the selected interval set and a and b are constants relating τ and R⁻¹ over the range of τ values corresponding to the selected measurement interval set.

In a preferred embodiment, the thermal neutron concentration in a formation is observed in a sequence of contiguous, discrete time gates which begins following a discrete time delay after termination of the preceding neutron burst and extends over the remainder of the period between bursts. Each measurement interval set then preferably comprises two different groups of such discrete time gates, one group of which, consisting of the earlier-occurring gates, becomes the numerator of the measurement ratio and the other group of which, consisting of the later-occurring time gates, becomes the denominator of the ratio. Advantageously, though not necessarily, the time gates included within each group are contiguous in time so as to define, in effect, two single, large measurement intervals. As will be understood from the foregoing, each set of time gates, i.e., measurement intervals, will correspond to a particular range of decay characteristic values for which it affords statistically accurate measurements of the decay characteristic. The gate set to be used following any given number or series of neutron bursts will thus be that set whose corresponding decay characteristic value range encompasses the most recently determined value of the characteristic.

Preferably, the durations and times of occurrence of the discrete time gates are adjustable in common by a finite number, e.g. four, of discrete scale factor values F. If desired, the duration and repetition period of the neutron bursts may likewise be adjustable by the F values. In accordance with the invention, each scale factor value F corresponds to a particular range of values of the decay characteristic for which it has been determined to afford enhanced statistical precision in the measured value of the characteristic. As with the gate set (measurement interval set) to be used, the particular F value to be used for any given measurement preferably also is selected on the basis of the previously-measured value of the decay characteristic. Suitably, however, regions of overlap are provided between the ranges for adjacent F values. This permits either of two F values to be used when the previously measured decay characteristic value is within a region of overlap, thereby avoiding changes in the F value merely as a result of statistical variation in the measured value of the characteristic. In a preferred embodiment, each overall range of decay characteristic values corresponding to a scale factor value F is further broken up into a number, e.g. seven, of sub-ranges, each of which subranges has a specific gate set corresponding thereto. In the preferred embodiment, therefore, the actual gate set to be used in making the thermal neutron concentration measurements is that set whose decay characteristic value range both falls within the overall range for the F value selected on the basis of the previously measured characteristic value and also encompasses such previously measured new value.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the invention, reference may be made to the following description of exemplary embodiments thereof, taken in conjunction with the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a representative well logging tool construction in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of illustrative thermal neutron concentration decay curves in three different formations and showing superimposed thereon a preferred neutron generator and detector gating regime in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the downhole control, gating, memory and telemetry circuits of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the command signal decoder of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an embodiment of the command signal generator of FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 shows the details of the timing generator of FIG. 3;

FIG. 7 depicts in detail the near (or far) detector pulse counter circuit of FIG. 3;

FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the memory address generator of FIG. 3;

FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of the near (or far) detector memory circuit of FIG. 3;

FIG. 10 shows an illustrated telemetry frame for transmitting data to the surface;

FIG. 11 is a schematic view of the sync/status circuit of FIG. 3;

FIG. 12 is a schematic view of the telemetry interface circuit of FIG. 3;

FIGS. 13A and 13B illustrate two generalized time gates for measuring thermal neutron concentrations;

FIG. 14 is a graphical comparison of an exemplary empirical relationship for computing τ in accordance with the invention with the true relationship for τ for the example portrayed;

FIG. 15 is a generalized flow chart useful in programming a general purpose digital computer to carry out the τ-computation and scale factor F selection procedures of the invention;

FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a preferred form of the downhole telemetry circuits;

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of a preferred form of the uphole telemetry circuits; and

FIGS. 18, 19 and 20 illustrate various data and signal formats used in the telemetry system of FIGS. 16 and 17.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, a well logging tool constructed in accordance with the invention includes a fluid-tight, pressure-and-temperature resistant sonde or tool 10 that is adapted to be suspended in and moved through a well bore 12 by an armored cable 14. The well bore 12 is illustrated as containing a borehole fluid 16 and as including a steel casing 18 and surrounding cement annulus 20. Although no tubing is shown in the borehole, the tool 10 may if desired be sized for through-tubing use.

The downhole tool 10 includes a pulsed neutron generator 22 and two radiation detectors 24 and 26 that are located at different spacings from the neutron generator 22. The detector 24 spaced closest to the neutron generator is designated the "near" detector and the detector 26 located farther from the neutron source is designated the "far" detector. For the purpose of the present invention, the neutron generator 22 is preferably of the type which generates discrete pulses of fast neutrons, e.g. 14 Mev., and may for example be of the types described in more complete detail in U.S. Pat. No. 2,991,364 to C. Goodman, dated July 4, 1961, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,546,512 to A. H. Frentrop, dated Dec. 8, 1970. Operation of the neutron generator 22 is controlled in part by a neutron generator control circuit 30, and this curcuit may also be of the types described in the aforementioned patents. The detectors 24 and 26 may be of any construction suitable for the detection of the thermal neutron concentrations in the surrounding earth formation and, to that end, may be of the thermal neutron sensitive type, e.g. helium 3 filled proportional counters, or of the gamma ray sensitive type, such as thallium-activated sodium iodide detectors. In the preferred embodiment, the detectors 24 and 26 preferably comprise sodium iodide scintillation detectors and, in this respect, will be understood to include the usual photomultiplier tubes, photomultiplier high voltage supplies, and amplifier-discriminators (not shown). It will also be understood that other downhole power sources (not shown) are provided as required to drive the neutron generator 22 and other downhole circuits. Power for the well tool 10 is supplied over the cable 14 from a surface power supply (not shown), as is conventional.

Output pulses from the near detector 24 and the far detector 26, representative of the concentration of thermal neutrons in the irradiated formation, are applied to signal gating circuits 32. The signal gating circuits 32 are controlled by gate timing circuits 33, which also control the operation of the neutron generator control circuit 30. From the signal gating circuits 32 the detector signals are counted and stored in memory circuits 35 and thence, under control of telemetry logic circuits 37, are applied to downhole telemetry circuits 34 for transmission to the surface over the cable 14. The overall operation of the neutron generator control circuit 30, the signal gating circuits 32, the gate timing circuits 33, the memory circuits 35, and the telemetry circuits 34 is described in detail hereinafter in connection with FIGS. 3-12. These circuits in part constitute the subject matter of the copending, commonly-owned U.S. application Ser. No. 955,175 for "Methods and Apparatus for Optimizing Measurements of Thermal Neutron Decay Characteristics", filed concurrently herewith by L. A. Jacobson. They are nonetheless being disclosed herein in full for purposes of completeness of disclosure.

The downhole telemetry circuits 34 may be of any known construction for encoding, time division multiplexing, or otherwise preparing the data-bearing signals applied to them from the telemetry logic circuits 37 and for impressing such data on the cable 14. At the earth's surface, the data-bearing signals from the near and far detectors 24 and 26, respectively, are amplified, decoded, demultiplexed and otherwise processed as needed in the surface telemetry circuits 36, which may also be conventional. The telemetry circuits 34 and 36 also include circuits for the receipt and transmission, respectively, of command messages from the surface for the purpose of selection of the scale factor value F to be used, as is described more fully hereinafter. Suitably, therefore, the circuits 34 and 36 comprise a bi-directional data telemetry system useful for these purposes and having a 10 K bit per sec upward data rate.

Following circuits 36 the near-detector and far-detector signals are separately counted in signal counting circuits 38 to acquire the thermal neutron decay curve data over a desired accumulation interval Δt. Upon termination of the data accumulation time Δt, which may be selected, for example, to correspond to a desired interval of depth in accordance with logging speed of the tool, the count rate data accumulated in the signal counting circuits 38 are transferred to buffers 40 and the signal counting circuits 38 are reset to zero.

From storage 40, the count rate data are processed in a computer 42, which suitably comprises a microprocessor or, alternatively, a general purpose digital computer such as that manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Mass., under the designation PDP-11. As is described more fully hereinafter, the computer 42 processes the count rate data from the respective detectors to develop various desired outputs, including, for example, the decay time constants τ_(N) and τ_(F) for the near and far detector, respectively, the corresponding macroscopic capture cross sections Σ_(N) and Σ_(F), and various other selected outputs such as a ratio (N/F) of count rates from the near and far detectors, background counting rates (B_(N) and B_(F)) from the respective detectors, and the net count rates from certain time gates, e.g. N₈ and F₈, for both detectors. All of these outputs may be recorded in conventional fashion as a function of tool depth in a recorder 44. The usual cable-following mechanical linkage, indicated diagrammatically at 46 in FIG. 1, is provided for this purpose. As is illustrated by line 48 in FIG. 1, the computer 42 transmits an appropriate scale factor command signal to the surface telemetry circuits 36 for transmission downhole to the gate timing control circuits 33 for real time adjustment of the timings and durations of the detection gates for the near and far detectors 24 and 26 and, if desired, for the duration and repetition rate of the neutron bursts as well.

In the graphical representation of FIG. 2, three decay curves 50, 52 and 54 represent, respectively, the variation with time of the logarithmic counting rate of thermal neutron capture gamma rays following irradiation of earth formations having short, medium and long decay times (rates of decay) of thermal neutron concentration. For purposes of comparison, the curves 50, 52 and 54 are shown as normalized to approximately the same peak counting rate although, as will be appreciated, this is not normally the practice. The variable tailing portion 56 of each curve represents background, and this too has been shown as being at approximately a constant level of intensity for purposes of illustration.

As is well known, the slope of the thermal neutron decay curve for a formation is indicative of the thermal neutron decay time constant τ of the formation, and it is a feature of the present invention that the decay curve, and thus τ, may be more precisely detected or measured than has been possible heretofore. In futherance of this object, sixteen discrete time intervals or gates G₁ -G₁₆ are provided between successive neutron bursts. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the gates G₁ -G₁₆ constitute a sequence of discrete time gates, which sequence begins after a finite time delay following the termination of the preceding neutron burst and extends over the entire, or substantially the entire, remainder of the interval between neutron bursts. Advantageously, though not necessarily, the gates are contiguous in time. The purpose of the time delay between the preceding neutron burst and the beginning of the gating sequence is to permit gamma rays emanating from the immediate borehole environment, e.g. borehole fluid, casing, cement annulus, tool housing, etc., to die out before detection of the count rate data from the formation is commenced. As indicated in FIG. 2, the discrete time gates G₁ -G₁₆ are divided into four groups I, II, III and IV of four gates each, i.e. time gates G₁ -G₄ comprise gate group I, time gates G₅ -G₈ comprise gate group II, time gates G₉ -G₁₂ comprise gate group III, and time gates G₁₃ -G₁₆ comprise gate group IV. Within each gate group, the discrete time gates are of equal duration. Hence, each of gates G₁ -G₄ has the same duration, e.g. 25 microseconds (μs), and, similarly, the individual time gates of each of gate groups II, III and IV are also of equal duration. However, the duration of the time gates increases progressively from gate group to gate group in the sequence. The increase is incremental, i.e. by a finite factor, and preferably the degree of increase is a multiple of the time gate duration of the next preceding gate group. A multiple of two has been found advantageous. Thus, the duration of the discrete time gates G₅ -G₉ in gate group II is preferably twice the duration of the discrete time gates G₁ -G₄ in gate group I, i.e. 50 μs. The duration of the individual time gates G₉ -G₁₂ in gate group III is then twice the duration of the individual time gates G₅ -G₈ in gate group II, i.e. 100 μs, and the duration of the individual time gates in gate group IV is twice that of the Group III gates, i.e. 200 μs. It will be understood that either or both the specific durations of the gates within each group and the amount of the increase in gate durations between groups may be varied as desired from the values shown. Also, both the number of gate groups and the number of discrete time gates within each gate group may likewise be varied from the four-four scheme shown in FIG. 2.

By thus employing narrow gates early in the gating sequence and wider gates later in the gating sequence, the narrowest gates are concentrated in the early regions of the thermal neutron decay curves 50, 52 and 54 where the rate of change in counting rate is the greatest. Further, not all of the time gates need be included in the τ computation, but rather only those containing significant decay signal. Thus not only is a degree of data compaction achieved through the use of detection time gates of variable duration with time after the neutron burst, but greater precision is provided by excluding from the τ computation counting rates from time gates which are subject to undue statistical variation, such as the later gates in short τ formations. As described more fully hereinafter, the particular gates to be employed in computing τ are selected on the basis of a prior measurement of τ during the same logging run, and are those gates which have been determined empirically to give the minimum statistical variation in the measured value of τ over a finite τ range spanning the previously measured value.

It has been found, in accordance with the invention, that in addition to providing time gates G₁ -G₁₆ which increase in width as a function of time after the neutron burst, even better results are obtained by providing for selected, incremental adjustment of the durations of the discrete time gates G₁ -G₁₆, and, if desired, also of the durations and repetition period of the neutron burst and the duration of the discrete time delay between the end of the burst and the beginning of the gating sequence, as a function of a previously measured value of τ. The object is to so position the gates G₁ -G₁₆, neutron burst, etc., that the counting rates in all of the gates used in the τ computation, i.e., the early gates, the mid-range gates and later gates as the case may be, will be sufficiently high for reliable statistical precision in the τ measurement. It is desirable, therefore, in effect to shift the time placement of the detection time gates, neutron burst, etc. as the τ of the formation, and thus the rate of decay of the thermal neutron concentration curve, varies. Such time interval adjustment is accomplished by multiplying each time interval to be adjusted in duration by a common selected value of a finite number of discrete scale factor values F. This is illustrated in FIG. 2, where the duration of the neutron burst is shown as F×200 μsec, the duration of the delay as F×200 μsec, the duration of each of gates G₁ -G₄ as F×25 μsec, and so on. As also shown in FIG. 2, the next succeeding neutron burst is preferably contiguous in time with the end of time gate G₁₆, whereby not only the duration of the neutron burst may be adjusted by the scale factor value F but also the repetition period between successive neutron bursts, as indicated by the value F×1900 μsec. Hence, it will be appreciated that by changing the value of the scale factor F the counting rate times for the various gates may be uniformly changed relative to the neutron burst in a manner to optimize the detection of the thermal neutron concentration decay in the particular formation at hand. That is to say, by selection of the scale factor F the individual gates G₁ -G₁₆ may be expanded or contracted along the time base of the thermal neutron decay curve as the rate of change of the curve, and thus τ, varies.

By providing for a finite number of incremental changes in the widths of the detection time gates, it is possible to locate the time gates properly relative to the portion of a thermal neutron decay curve that is most representative of decay of the thermal neutron concentration in the earth formation, namely the straight line portion of the curve appearing on a semi-log plot such as that of FIG. 2, so as to maximize counting rates within the gates and thereby improve precision in the measurement of the τ, while at the same time avoiding the necessity for the infinitely variable electronic gates used in prior logging tools. It has been found, for instance, that if three or less F values are used, the later gates used to compute τ include too much background. This results in greater statistical uncertainty, necessitates measurement of background over unduly long accumulation periods, and requires a separate background computation for nearly all τ computations. These deficiencies can be largely, if not entirely, eliminated by use of a higher number, e.g. 5 or 6, of scale factor values F. Generally the more incremental values of the scale factor F provided, the greater the statistical reliability achieved. On the other hand, tool complexity increases with increased numbers of scale factor values. Accordingly, it has been determined in accordance with the invention that 4 incremental values of F will afford improved statistical performance over the full τ range of interest, commensurate with a minimum of tool complexity.

The amount of incremental change between F values should be selected, in conjunction with the specific durations assigned to the gates in gate groups I, II, III and IV, to enable accurate detection of the decay curves over the full range of τ's, expected to be encountered in the earth formations, e.g., from <50 μsec to >600 μsec. For the gate widths of 25 μsec, 50 μsec, 100 μsec and 200 μsec shown in FIG. 2, it is preferred in accordance with the invention to change F by increments of √3. The preferred values of F, therefore, are 1/√3, 1, √3 and 3. Also, as described hereinafter, incrementing F by a factor of √3 affords circuit advantages in implementing the F factor procedure in the logging tool.

In order to avoid changing F merely as a result of statistical variation in the measured value of τ, the criteria for determining whether the F value need be changed, based on the current measurement of τ, are established such that there is an overlap between adjacent τ ranges for which either of the two F values associated with those ranges is appropriate. For the exemplary case of F=1/√3, 1, √3 and 3, suitable criteria for changing F based on a new τ measurement are:

                  TABLE I                                                          ______________________________________                                         F.sub.old    τnew      Change F to                                         ______________________________________                                          ##STR1##     >120 μsec  1                                                   1            >210 μsec                                                                                 ##STR2##                                            ##STR3##     >365 μsec  3                                                   3            <285 μsec                                                                                 ##STR4##                                            ##STR5##     <165 μsec  1                                                   1             <95 μsec                                                                                 ##STR6##                                           ______________________________________                                    

These criteria permit the use with τ's within the range of from 95 μsec to 120 μsec of F values of either 1/√3 or 1, within the range of from 165 μsec to 210 μsec of F values of either 1 or the √3, and within the range of from 285 μsec to 365 μsec of F values of either √3 or 3. Generous overlap regions are thereby provided within which F need not be changed from the previous value. This avoids the "jitter" sometimes encountered in gating control in the prior art infinitely-variable gate tool.

At the beginning of each logging run, or where a previously measured value of τ is otherwise unavailable, the initial scale factor F is set based on fictitious τ, e.g. F=1 for τ=200 μsec. The tool will then automatically change F in accordance with the appropriate criteria, e.g. those of Table I, as the currently measured value of τ changes in the course of the run. Before discussing the procedures for computing τ and thereafter for using the new τ value to determine whether or not a change in the scale factor value F is required, reference may be made to FIGS. 3-12 of the drawings where the manner in which the change in F value and the consequent change in the time durations of the time gates G₁ -G₁₆, neutron burst, etc., are implemented in the downhole tool 10 is shown.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the interconnections between the neutron generator control circuit 30, the signal gating circuit 32, the gate timing control circuit 33, the memory circuits 35, and the telemetry logic circuits 37. The interface between these circuits and the telemetry circuits 34 is also indicated. When the tool is powered-up to begin a run the inputs H and L to the gate timing control circuit 60, which are illustrated combines the circuits 32 and 33 from FIG. 1, are automatically set equal to logic 0. The timing control circuit 60 generates four discrete clock frequencies, each corresponding to one of the scale factor values F=1/√3, 1, √3 and 3. By changing the logic state of the H and L inputs, selection may be made of the particular frequency, and hence F value, that is to be used. It is assumed here that the logic state 0 corresponds to F=1. As described more fully hereinafter in connection with FIG. 6, the output frequency signal is then sent to a series of scalers, i.e. counter/divider circuits, and decoders within circuits 60 and is used to generate all of the timing signals for controlling the operation of the neutron generator 22 and the gating of the near and far detectors 24 and 26.

Thus, the timing circuit 60 produces a neutron burst signal NB that is applied to a command signal circuit 64, which in response thereto generates two ion source pulses (ISP₁ and ISP₂) that drive the neutron generator control circuits 30 (see also FIG. 1) thus causing the neutron generator 22 to produce bursts of neutrons of the desired duration and repetition rate. The detectors 24 and 26 are preferably blanked during and immediately following each neutron burst to isolate the downstream electronics against excessively hugh instantaneous count rates. To that end, the timing generator 60 also generates an appropriate blanking pulse to block the detector outputs for a specific period, e.g., twice the duration of the burst. This is described in more detail in connection with FIG. 6.

The timing gate signal generated by timing generator 60 is denoted DCLK, and this signal is used to gate the detectors in accordance with the regime of FIG. 2. In general, this is done by supplying four frequencies related to each other by a factor of two to a multiplexer under the control of a count-by-four circuit. The multiplexer output is supplied to the counter so that four pulses of the highest frequency are passed through the counter before it switches to pass four pulses of a frequency half that of the highest frequency, until all of the timing gate signal, DCLK, is generated. The timing gate signal DCLK in turn creates memory control pulses WT, SET, and RDY for use elsewhere in the system. The manner in which the DCLK, WT, SET and RDY signals are generated is explained in detail with reference to FIG. 6.

The gated near and far detector signals, NG and FG, are supplied to near detector pulse counter circuit 68 and far detector pulse counter circuit 70, respectively. In these circuits, the pulses from each detector for each gate period G₁ -G₁₆ are counted and a binary number representing that value is transferred in parallel to near and far memory circuits 72 and 74. Each pulse counter circuit actually has two counters. While one of the counters is counting the pulses in one time gate, the other is transferring the results of the previous count to the memory. Two counters are necessary because the time gates are contiguous and there is not enough time for one counter to do both operations. A typical detector pulse counter circuit is shown in more detail in FIG. 7.

Each of the memory circuits 72 and 74 store sixteen 8-bit words which represent the accumulated count for each time gate G₁ -G₁₆ over a number of neutron irradiation intervals. This is done by addressing the memories via an address generator circuit 76 so that the previous value of the accumulated counts for the time gate in question is presented at the input. The memory output is then added to the current count for that gate and the result is again stored in the memory at the address for that time gate. The manner in which the address generator 76 controls the memory circuits is discussed in more detail in connection with FIGS. 8 and 9.

At a predetermined time a signal, FCLK, from the telemetry circuits 34 informs the tool that the accumulated counts for the sixteen gates G₁ -G₁₆ are to be sent uphole. The FCLK signal is received in telemetry interface circuit 78, which generates an E signal and a TCLK signal that are applied to the memory address generator 76 for use in generating signals LDD in address generator circuit 76 that are in turn applied to the memory circuits 72 and 74 to effect transfer of the contents of each memory location, along with generated parity bits, into parallel-to-serial shift registers (not shown in FIG. 3). The TCLK signal then causes the data to be serially shifted from near memory circuit 72 through far memory circuit 74 so that the far detector count rate data for each gate is placed in front of the near detector data for that gate. This string of data is then passed through sync/status circuit 80 which positions a 4-bit sync code and status information word at the beginning of the information to form the DATA signal. The DATA signal is in the form of a binary signal, arranged according to FIG. 10, which is sent to the telemetry interface circuit 78 and thence as signal SIC to the telemetry circuits 34 for transmission uphole. In this respect, the interface circuit 78 functions primarily to make sure that the telemetry circuits 34 are ready to receive the data before it is sent. The operation of sync/status circuit 80 and telemetry interface circuit 78 are set forth more precisely with respect to FIGS. 11 and 12 below.

As described hereinafter, when the count rate data is received uphole the computer calculates τ_(N) and if it falls outside the limit for F=1 according to Table I, a two bit binary code to change the scale factor is generated. There are four commands that specify the scale factor and three other commands making a total of seven. The scale factor commands result in the generation of H and L signals in the command signal circuit 64 which, as aforementioned, are sent to the timing generator 60 to change the scale factor. The available commands are listed in Table II.

                  TABLE II                                                         ______________________________________                                         COMMAND   H.L.CODE   F       REMARKS                                           ______________________________________                                         01        00         1       Always                                             05        01                                                                                        ##STR7##                                                                               Always                                            06        10                                                                                        ##STR8##                                                                               If the previous F is 1                            05 + 06   11         3                                                                                      ##STR9##                                         02        --         --      Positive plateau check                            03        --         --      Negative plateau check                            04        --         --      Calibration test                                  01-07-06-01                                                                              --         --      Neutrons on                                       ______________________________________                                    

With reference again to FIG. 3, the binary coded command signals CMCD are received from the telemetry circuits 34 by the command decoder circuit 82 (FIG. 4). As indicated in Table II, the tool can be commanded to perform certain tests, e.g. plateau check or calibration test, in addition to changing the F value. It can also be commanded to bring the neutron generator to a ready state, requiring only the NB signal to initiate a burst. In the decoder circuit 82, the command signal is analyzed and the appropriate output, i.e. 2 to 7 or CCLR, is activated. The command lines all go to command signal circuit 64, wherein the signals to carry out the command are generated. This is described in detail in connection with FIG. 5.

In order to demonstrate the detailed working of the various circuits depicted in FIG. 3, it can be assumed that the results of the first τ calculation resulted in a value of τ less than 95 μsec. From Table I it can be seen that the uphole computer 42 will require a change in scale factor from F=1 to F=1/√3. Thus the computer will generate the command 06 (binary bits), corresponding to HL code 10, as shown in Table II. It should be noted that in FIGS. 4-9 and 11-12 the numbers in the circuit blocks represent the model numbers of CMOS integrated circuits that can perform the indicated functions. These integrated circuits are available from a variety of manufacturers, including Motorola, Fairchild, National Semi-conductor, and others.

FIG. 4 illustrates the details of the command decoder 82. In FIG. 4, the F-command signal from the telemetry circuits 34 is received by a one-shot 84, i.e. a monostable multivibrator, which has a time delay of 250 μsec and which functions to generate a downhole clock signal from the CMCD signal. For this purpose, the CMCD signal is in the form of a pulse width-encoded signal having a positive-going transition at the boundary between each bit, e.g., every 400 μsec. This positive-going transition clocks the one-shot 84 to produce an output clock signal with a positive-going transition in the middle of each bit period. The one-shot transition clocks a shift register 86 which has the CMCD signal applied to its input. Hence if the CMCD signal is low in the bit period a zero is entered in the shift register 86 and a one is entered if it is high. After six clock pulses from the one-shot 84, the serial data in the CMCD signal is available in parallel form at the outputs of the shift register 86. The three most significant bits of the output of register 86 are applied to an OR-gate 88. If any of these three outputs contains a one, it will be passed to the input D of a binary-to-decimal decoder 90 via an OR-gate 92. This enters an 8 into the decoder 90 so as to prevent any output therefrom less than 8. Thus, a bit in one of the higher order places of the CMCD signal indicates an invalid code which is above the legitimate command codes 01 to 07. Accordingly, the command code should not be applied to the decoder 90 until all of the CMCD signal has been entered into the shift register 86. To that end, the CMCD signal is also applied to a re-triggerable one-shot 94 having a nominal pulse duration of 750 μsec, the output of which goes high when the first CMCD pulse arrives and stays there until 750 μsec after the last one arrives. As shown in FIG. 4, this output is also applied to the D input of the decoder 90 through the OR-gate 92 and functions to block the decoder output until the command code has been completely loaded into the shift register 86. When the output of one-shot 94 finally goes low, the decoder 90 decodes the command signal and activates one of its output lines depending on the command code contained in the CMCD signal. In this case it will be output 6 for the command 06 (see Table III). The command remains in the shift register 86 until receipt of a reset RST pulse from the telemetry interface circuits 78.

The RST signal is also applied to a scaler or divider circuit 96. Scaler 96 produces a command clear CCLR signal through an OR-gate 98 upon receipt of eight RST signals without being reset by the output of one-shot 94. Thus if the CMCD pulses stop for some reason the CCLR signal is still generated. The CCLR signal is also generated through the OR-gate 98 by the "1" output of the decoder 90, i.e. and 01 command resets the circuits so as to produce F=1.

The six outputs from the decoder 90 and the CCLR signal are applied to a set of six latch circuits 100A-100F in the command signal circuit 64, shown in detail in FIG. 5. The CCLR signal can reset all of the latches either directly, as in the case of latches 100A and 100D, or through OR-gates 102A-102B and 104A-104B, as in the case of latches 100B-100C and 100E and 100F, respectively. Latches 100E and 100F control a plateau check. When the command 02 is decoded in circuit 82 (see Table II), it puts a high level on the set input of latch 100E and resets latch 100F through OR-gate 104B. This causes the output of these latches to drive the output of amplifier 106 to approximately +15 volts, which voltage is applied to the detector voltage supplies through resistors in order to make the positive plateau check. If command code 03 were received instead, latch 100E would be reset through OR-gate 104A and latch 100F would be set, thus causing amplifier 106 to deliver -15 volts to the detector voltage supplies for the negative plateau check. In the case where the command code is 01, a CCLR signal is created, as described in connection with FIG. 4, and this signal resets both latches 100E and 100F causing the amplifier 106 output to be zero. The outputs of latches 100E-100F are also applied to NOR-gate 108, which supplies through inverter 110 a plateau check status signal, PCS, to the sync/status circuit 80 whenever either a positive or negative plateau check is being done.

The command code 04 sets latch 100D, thereby turning on the calibration tests by allowing WT' pulses from the timing generator circuit 60 to pass through NAND-gate 112. The output C of gate 112 goes to the amplifier inputs of both detectors. During the calibration test, one count per detection gate cycle is added to each of the 16 gate channels for both detectors. If detector background is low (i.e. the tool is on standby) the test counting rates in all gates should be close to the same. The output of latch 100D is the calibration test status signal, i.e. CTS, and it also is applied to the sync/status circuit 80.

The latches 100B and 100C control the scale factor F in response to commands 01, 05 and 06. The outputs of these latches go to a pair of D flip-flops 114A and 114B which are clocked by an E₁ pulse from the address generator circuit 76. The outputs of the flip-flops 114A and 114B are the H and L lines which go to the timing generator circuit 60 (see FIG. 3) to control the selection of time operating frequency and hence the scale factor F. For the assumed case of a command code of 06, it is known from Table II that the H, L code should be 10. A high level on input line 6 in FIG. 5 accomplishes this by setting latch 100C and flip-flop 114A. However, command 06 does not reset latch 100B since that command is valid only if F was equal to 1, and F is equal to 1 only with an 01 command which resets all the latches as a CCLR signal and makes both H and L low. Command 05, therefore, sets latch 100B and resets latch 100C through OR-gate 102B. This is necessary because that scale factor change does not depend on the previous value of F. (See Table II) The capacitors to ground on the latch inputs prevent them from being triggered by arcs in the neutron generator.

As indicated in Table II, the process of turning on the neutron generator 22 requires that the sequence of commands 01-07-06-01 be received by the command signal circuit 64. The first 01 command initializes the status of the latches 100A-100B and flip-flop 116A by resetting all of them, flip-flop 116B not being reset. The 07 command sets latch 100A, thereby connecting a high signal to the D input of flip-flop 116A. When this is followed by an 06 command which sets latch 100C, the high input on flip-flop 116A is clocked in that flip-flop, making its Q output high and its Q output low. The output of latch 100C also resets flip-flop 116B. When the final 01 command is decoded, a set pulse reaches latch 118 via NAND-gate 120 and inverter 122 because flip-flop 116A is set. The output of latch 118 resets flip-flop 116A, closes NAND-gate 120 and ends the set pulse to latch 118. With latch 118 set, neutron burst pulses NB from the timing generator circuit 60 can pass through NAND-gate 124 and inverter 126 to form the ion source pulses ISP₁ and ISP₂ (see FIG. 5) which drive the neutron generator control circuit 30. As the beam current in the neutron source rises, a relay in its control circuit closes. This connects a supply voltage to the output line BC of the latch 118 and makes it impossible to turn off the neutron source without turning off the tool power. It can be seen that flip-flop 116B holds latch 118 in the reset condition until the proper time. Also, the set input to flip-flop 116B is activated when power is first applied to the tool because it is connected to the + voltage through a capacitor. This capacitor and a resistor will pull the set input low to flip-flop 116B after the power has been on for about 10 seconds.

With reference now to FIG. 6, two crystal oscillators 128 and 130 in the timing circuit 60 have divide-by-three scalers built into them. Thus both the crystal frequency and the divided-by-three frequency are available from each oscillator circuit, providing a total of four discrete clock frequencies f₁, f₂, f₃ and f₄. According to the invention, each of these frequencies is made to correspond to one of the F values 1/√3, 1, √3 and 3. This may readily be done by selecting the crystal frequency f₁ of oscillator 128 such that it is √3 times lower than the crystal frequency f₂ of oscillator 130. Then divided-by-three frequency f₃ from oscillator 130 will be related by a factor of the √3 to divided-by-three frequency f₄ from oscillator 128, and it may be seen that the frequencies f₁, f₂, f₃, and f₄ are separated by the factor √3 and that, therefore, they may correspond respectively to the scale factor values F of 1/√3, 1, √3 and 3. The clock frequencies f₁ -f₄ are supplied to a 4-channel data selector or multiplexer 132. The logic levels of signals H and L applied to the inputs A and B of the multiplexer determine which of the four input frequencies is connected to the output of the unit. The operation of multiplexer 132 may be summarized succinctly as follows:

                  TABLE III                                                        ______________________________________                                                       Selected  Output                                                 A     B       Input     Freq.  Command  F                                      ______________________________________                                         Lo    Lo      X.sub.0   f.sub.1                                                                               01       1                                       Hi    Lo      X.sub.1   f.sub.2                                                                               06                                                                                      ##STR10##                              Lo    Hi      X.sub.2   f.sub.3                                                                               05                                                                                      ##STR11##                             Hi    Hi      X.sub.3   f.sub.4                                                                               05 + 06  3                                      ______________________________________                                    

As has already been referred to previously, all of the timing waveforms required to operate the neutron generator 22 and the detectors 24 and 26 in accordance with the regime of FIG. 2 are derived in common from the output of the multiplexer 132. Hence, a change in the F value can quite simply be implemented in all the timing circuits of the tool. The actual generation of the various timing signals is achieved by use of a multiplexer clock scaler 134 coupled to the output of the multiplexer 132.

As seen in FIG. 6, when the Q₈ and Q₁₁ outputs of scaler 134 are high and the Q₇ output starts to go high, the RSET pulse is generated in NAND-gate 136 and resets the scaler through resistor 138. This marks the beginning of the neutron burst pulse NB generated in gate 140, which pulse lasts as long as the Q₈, Q₉, Q₁₀, and Q₁₁ outputs of scaler 134 are all low. As previously described in connection with FIG. 5, the NB pulse is used in the command signal circuit 64 to generate the ion source pulses ISP₁ and ISP₂. Returning to FIG. 6, negative pulses (N and F) from the near and far amplifier-discriminators of the near and far detectors 24 and 26 pass through capacitors 142 and 144 en route to gates 146 and 148. There they are blocked during the neutron burst and for an equal time afterwards by the output of NOR-gate 150, whose output is high as long as Q₉, Q₁₀, Q₁₁ of scaler 134 are all low. When the output of gate 150 goes low, the near and far pulses N and F are allowed to pass to the near detector pulse counter 68 and far detector pulse counter 70, respectively. (See FIG. 3)

The Q₄ output of scaler 134 is designated ECLK and is sent to address generator 76. The Q₄, Q₅, Q₆, and Q₇ outputs are also used as inputs to a 4-channel data selector or multiplexer 152 to generate the detector gating signal DLCK, which signal has the form shown by gates G₁ -G₁₆ in FIG. 2. The A and B inputs to multiplexer 152 are controlled by the third and fourth stages of a scaler 154. The waveform at the output of gate 150, when high, holds scaler 154 reset and at the same time blocks the output of gate 156, i.e. it holds DCLK low during the neutron burst and the delay period thereafter, as illustrated in FIG. 2. When the output of gate 150 goes low, the reset action on scaler 154 lasts a few more microseconds due to the time constant of the R-C circuit 158 so that scaler 154, which is clocked by DCLK, does not trigger on the first positive edge of DCLK. As long as A and B of the multiplexer 152 remain low, the DCLK looks like an inverted version of Q₄ from scaler 134, which has the period T/8. The period T is equal to the duration of the widest gate in the regime of FIG. 2, i.e., 200 μsec for each of gates G₁₃ -G₁₆. This lasts for the first four DCLK cycles counted by scaler 154, thereby generating the first four gating signals of 25 μsec duration each. The Q₂ output from scaler 154 then goes high, placing a high level on the A input of multiplexer 152 and results in DCLK being controlled by the Q₅ output of scaler 134, with a period T/4 or 50 μsec. At the end of four T/4 cycles as counted by scaler 154, which cycles represent the gating signal for gates G₅ -G₈, the scaler 154 next selects the Q₆ output of scaler 134. This output has twice the period of the Q₅ output, i.e., T/2, and results in the generation of the gating signals for the 100 μsec gates G₉ -G₁₂. Finally four cycles later, the Q₇ output of scaler 134 with a period T is selected. When four cycles of Q₇ are passed, the circuit goes into the blanking period established by gate 150, as aforementioned.

Memory control pulses WT, WT', SET and RDY are generated in a Johnson counter 160 that is clocked by the output of multiplexer 132 via the gate 162. However, these memory control pulses are generated only when DCLK is high (DCLR low), since the DCLK signal inverted by gate 164 is applied to the reset input of counter 160. This is done because there is no need for memory pulses during the blanking period. As illustrated in FIG. 6, the RDY signal is the Q₂ output of counter 160, the SET signal is the Q₅ output, the WT signal is Q₆, and the WT' signal is the Q₇ output. When the waveform WT' goes high, it blocks further clocking because it is connected to the clock enable input C_(E) of the counter. Thus, WT' will stay high until the counter 160 is reset the next time DCLK goes high.

The near and far detector pulse counter circuits 68 and 70 (see FIG. 3), which receive the gated detector signals NG and FG from the timing circuit 60 (see FIG. 6), are identical. Hence, the operation of only one of these circuits will be described in connection with FIG. 7. The pulse counter circuits each include a scaler 166 that receives detector pulses from the even-numbered gates, G₂, G₄, etc., and a scaler 168 that receives the pulses from the odd-numbered gates, G₁, G₃, etc. While scaler 166 is counting, scaler 168 holds its counts until reset by the WT pulse, and vice-versa. By the time the WT pulse arrives, the counts being held have been stored in the memory circuits 72, in the case of the near detector, and 74, in the case of the far detector (see FIG. 3). Flip-flop 170 controls the action in accordance with the DCLK signal. After sixteen DCLK pulses, the RSET signal insures that the flip-flop 170 is in a reset condition to repeat the operation for the next irradiation interval.

The gated detector pulses NG (or FG) are positive and suitably about 0.4 μsec in width. They are directed to NAND gates 172 and 174, which are alternately opened and closed by the Q and Q outputs, respectively, of flip-flop 170. Two additional gates 176 and 178 receive WT pulses, following the inversion thereof in gate 180, and are likewise controlled by the Q and Q outputs of flip-flop 170. As will be appreciated, when the scaler 166 is being clocked by NG (or FG) signal pulses, it is not reset by WT, but scaler 168 is so reset.

Upon completion of counting for a time gate, the total count accumulated therein appears in parallel form at the Q outputs of the scalers 166 and 168 and is thereafter applied to one of two quad 2-channel data selectors 182 and 184, the A and B inputs of which are driven by the flip-flop 170 such that they select the outputs from whichever scaler 166 or 168 is holding its counts and ignore the outputs from the scaler that is counting. As seen in FIG. 3, the data selector outputs are delivered to the memory circuit 72, for the near detector counts, and to the memory circuit 74, for the far detector counts.

Before discussing the memory circuits, however, it is useful to review the operation of the address generator circuit 76 which controls the memory circuits. This circuit, shown in FIG. 8, must control the storing of the count rate data after it has been detected and the reading out of the data in response to telemetry requests. Although the data storing and the data read operations are asynchronous, the memory where the data is temporarily accumulated must be accessible both for storing new counts quickly at the correct address and for reading out the accumulated counts at another address when required by telemetry. Accordingly, two address scalers are provided to keep track of the separate addresses required for storing and reading and provision is made to give priority to storing new data. The telemetry, then, may read out data between storage operations.

In FIG. 8, the RSET pulse from the timing generator circuit 60 initially presets all the outputs of the "store" address counter 188 high and holds them high until the beginning of a new detection interval. The first DCLK pulse at the beginning of a new interval clocks counter 188 to all zeroes, and this is the address where the gate G₁₆ counts, from the previous detection interval, are stored while the gate G₁ counts in the new interval are being accumulated in one of the detector pulse counter circuits 68, 70 (see FIG. 3). As previously described in connection with FIG. 7, the counts from odd-numbered gates go to one scaler in the counter circuits and those from even-numbered gates go to the other. During the DCLK cycle, one scaler is actively counting while the other is holding the counts from the previous gate so that they can be added to the memory. Thus the G₁₆ count for each detector is held in the "even-numbered" scaler for that detector until it is stored in the memory during the next succeeding G₁ period. The address fixed in the memory during this store operation is the output of scaler 188, which is passed through a quad 2-channel data selector 190 to the memory circuits. As each DCLK pulse arrives, indicating a new gate, scaler 188 is incremented thereby changing the storage address.

As noted a separate address scaler 192 is provided for telemetry readout. Its clock and reset inputs are controlled by a system of gates 194, 196 and 198 which in turn are controlled by a Johnson counter 200. This is done so that the telemetry address scaler 192 is clocked only for the data words read out, and not for the sync/status part of the information supplied to telemetry. The counter 200 is clocked by all positive-going edges of E and is reset by the telemetry reset signal RST, which should not be confused with the reset RSET from the timing generator 60. The E pulse is generated in the telemetry interface circuit 78 (FIG. 3) and goes positive a desired number of times per telemetry frame, e.g. 5, and is followed by the telemetry reset signal RST. The NOR gate 194 keeps one input of the NAND-gate 196 low until the second time E goes positive in order to prevent the generation of memory address signals while the sync/status words are generated and transmitted. Then the output of gate 194 goes high and stays high for all of the data words in each telemetry frame, e.g. 4 (see FIG. 10), thus allowing counter 192 to be clocked a corresponding number of times per frame to generate the memory read out address. After being clocked 16 times (4 frames) output Q₅ of the counter 192 goes high, thereby enabling the output of NAND-gate 198 to go low the next time the "1" output of counter 200 i.e. E signal, goes high. This resets counter 192 through gate 198 and keeps it in step with the E pulses. The Q₃ and Q₄ outputs of counter 192 control the frame indentification bits in the sync/status word and are delivered to the sync/status circuit 80 (FIG. 3).

Flip-flop 202 controls data selector 190 such that the proper address counter, i.e., counter 188 or counter 192, has control of the memory address lines, A₀ - - - A₃. Flip-flop 202 is set by the RDY signal and reset by WT', both from the timing generator 60. When flip-flop 202 is in the set condition, the data selector 190 selects the "store" address, and when it is in the reset condition, the selector 190 selects the "read-out" address. As can be seen in FIG. 6, the RDY signal is the Q₂ output of counter 160 and the WT' signal is the Q₇ output. Hence store occurs during one part of a cycle and transmission during the other part.

In addition to controlling the memory address lines, the circuit of FIG. 8 generates the LDS, LDD, READ and CLR pulses. The LDS signal loads sync and status bits into a shift register in the sync/status circuit 80. Shift registers in the memory circuits 72, 74 are loaded with data from memory at selected read-out addresses by the LDD signal. The READ signal causes the memory output to correspond to data at a selected address and the CLR signal sets the memory contents to zero at a selected address. The READ signal starts at the same time as LDD, but is of shorter duration. CLR occurs at the end of LDD. When READ and RDY are mixed together, they become CS (Chip Select). When CLR and WT are mixed, they become WRT.

Interference between store and readout are prevented since LDS, LDD, and READ are not generated directly by a positive-going edge of E, but are generated by the first positive-going ECLK edge after E goes positive. The ECLK is applied to the Cp input of flip-flop 204. The D input is normally high, so Q is normally high. When E goes high, it is inverted by gate 206, differentiated by R₂ and C₂ and coupled to the D input of flip-flop 204 through an RC delay, R₁ and C₁. When the D input of flip-flop 204 is low, the first positive ECLK edge will make the Q output go low. This output is differentiated by R₄ and C₄ and is applied to two gates 208 and 210. If the "1" output of counter 200, designated E₁, is high, an LDS pulse will appear at the output of gate 210. If E₁ is low, there will be an LDD pulse at the output of gate 208. R₄ and C₄ determine the duration of these pulses. A simultaneous positive pulse occurs at the output of inverter 212, which is then differentiated by R₃, C₃ to become the READ pulse. The READ pulse and RDY pulse are combined in gate 214 to generate signal CS.

A flip-flop 216, which acts as a one-shot because its Q output is connected to its reset input R through time delay network R₆, C₆. It triggered by the trailing edge of LDD after the latter is inverted and slightly delayed by a time delay network formed by R₇ and the input capacitance at clock input C_(p) of flip-flop 216. The CLR pulse is taken from the Q output of this flip-flop. Its duration is controlled by R₆ and C₆. The CLR and WT signals are combined in NOR-gate 218 to create the WRT signal.

Flip-flop 220 plays a part in setting the parity bit in each word. It is triggered by the TCLK signal from telemetry interface circuit 78 and is set by the output of gate 222. A PRT I signal from the far memory circuit 74 and the LDD signal control the inputs to gate 222. The operation of this gate and flip-flop 220 will be explained in more detail in connection with the memory circuit shown in FIG. 9.

The memory circuits 72 and 74 are the same and hence only one of them is shown in FIG. 9. Each memory circuit includes two random access memories (RAM) 224 and 226, each capable of storing 4 data bits at 16 different addresses. The address lines A₀ - - - A₃ for these memories come from the address generator circuit 76, shown in detail in FIG. 8. When read out, the complement of the data appears at the outputs. The outputs of the RAMs 224 and 226 and data inputs from the pulse counter circuits are applied to adders 228 and 230, respectively, which are each able to add two 4-bit binary numbers. When these adders are connected in series as shown, they can add these two 8-bit binary numbers. The result of this addition is stored in Quad D flip-flops 232 and 234. With this arrangement, the complement of the adder 228 and 230 outputs appears at the flip-flop 232 and 234 outputs when the SET pulse from timing generator 60 goes positive. Thus it can be seen that the current gamma count in a particular gate is added to the previous total count for that gate. Memories 224 and 226, therefore, store the total count for each gate for a number of neutron bursts, i.e., over a number of irradiation intervals.

Incoming data from a pulse counter circuit 68 or 70 goes to the B₁ - - - B₄ inputs of the adders, and the memory 224 and 226 outputs are connected to the A₁ - - - A₄ inputs. To store new data a succession of RDY-SET-WT pulses is generated. The RDY pulse arrives on the CS line (shared with READ) and the WT pulse is on the WRT line. At the end of RDY, the memories latch on the new address supplied from the address generator 76. The data contained at that address appears at the Q outputs of the RAM's 224 and 226 and the binary number it represents is added to the number supplied by the associated pulse counter circuit. After a short delay, the SET pulse latches the sum into the D flip-flops 232 and 234. The SET pulse is followed by the WT pulse which writes the complement of the sum into the memories at the same address. In this connection it should be noted that the memory output is the complement of the number stored.

A shift register 236 is used for parallel-to-serial conversion of the data in the memory, when required by telemetry with the arrival of an LDD pulse followed by the TLCK signal. A parity tree 238 is also provided for generating the parity bit that is part of each gate detector word (See FIG. 10).

Readout for telemetry requires a succession of LDD, READ, and CLR pulses. Data at the desired address appears on the memory output lines at the end of the READ pulse. The READ pulse is overlapped by LDD, which loads this data into the shift register 236. At the end of LDD, the CLR pulse occurs, resetting the D-flip-flops 232 and 234 so as to set all the Q outputs to 1 and simultaneously supplying a negative pulse on the WRT line so as to write the 1's into the memory. This is the same as clearing that memory address, because the next time it is read out the result will be all zeroes.

FIG. 3 shows how the shift register and parity trees of the near and far memory circuits 72 and 74 are interconnected with each other and also with the SO (Shift Out) output of flip-flop 220 of the address generator circuit of FIG. 8. Both memory circuits 72 and 74 store data from a given detection gate simultaneously and both are read-out at the same time. As shown, the shift registers of the two memory circuits 72 and 74 are connected in series, with the SO output from the near detector memory circuit 72 connected to SI (Shift In) input on the far detector memory 74. The SI input of the near memory circuit 72 comes from the SO output of flip-flop 220 in the address generator 76. This output controls the parity bit. The parity trees 238 in the memory circuits are also connected in series to form a single parity bit for the combined near and far word. The resulting output of the far detector memory parity tree (PRT I) determines whether flip-flop 220 in the address generator will be set by the LDD pulse or will remain zero.

Following LDD, the TCLK signal arrives from the telemetry interface 78 and causes the data to be shifted out. The first serial data bit is the most significant bit from the far memory 74. After the 8 far bits are sent, the 8 near bits are shifted out, followed by the parity bit.

As can be seen from FIG. 3, the data bits from the memory circuits are shifted in series through the sync/status circuit 80 which adds the sync and status bits to the front of the data words (See FIG. 10) FIG. 11 shows the details of the sync/status circuit with the data words applied to the SI input which leads to NAND-gate 240. The sync/status bits are applied to NAND-gate 242 and these two signals are combined in gate 244 to create the DATA signal output. To generate the sync/status bits the LDS pulse loads the shift registers 246 and 248 with parallel data, which is then shifted out by the TCLK signal while the E₁ signal is high. The LDS signal also triggers a flip-flop 250 which acts as a one-shot and resets the scaler 252 that has control of the four "spare" bits at the end of the sync/status word.

Flip-flop 254 is loaded via gate 255 by the LDS signal with the Q output of the parity tree 256, which is the parity bit for the sync/status bit in FIG. 10. Inputs P₅ - - - P₈ of shift register 248 are connected to +5 V. They control the first 4 DATA bits that are the sync signal. The other bits are the status signals and are applied to the rest of the shift register 248 inputs and the inputs of shift register 246 as follows:

                  TABLE IV                                                         ______________________________________                                         Circuit    Input        Signal                                                 ______________________________________                                         248        P.sub.4      Plateau Check Status                                   248        P.sub.3      High Voltage Status                                                            (Neutrons On)                                          248        P.sub.2      L = Command 05 in effect                               248        P.sub.1      H = Command 06 in effect                               246        P.sub.8      Q.sub.4 - Higher order Frame                                                   I.D. bit                                               246        P.sub.7      Q.sub.3 Lower order                                                            Frame I.D. bit                                         246        P.sub.6      BC = Burst Control                                                             (ISP On)                                               246        P.sub.5      CTS = Calibration Test                                                         Status                                                 246        P.sub.1 -- P.sub.4                                                                          Spares                                                 254        D            Parity Bit                                             ______________________________________                                    

The status signals applied to these shifting circuits come from the command signal circuit 64 and the address generator 76. Following the sync/status word, E₁ goes low. This connects the SI input to the DATA output so that the serial data from the memory circuits 72 and 74 can be shifted onto the end of the sync/status word.

The DATA signal which includes the data words and the sync/status word is sent to the telemetry interface circuit 78, shown in detail in FIG. 12, for transmission uphole. This circuit establishes the number of words to be sent in each telemetry frame and the number of bits in each word. There are only two input lines to the telemetry interface circuit, i.e. the FCLK signal from the telemetry circuit 34 and the serial data, or DATA, signal from the sync/status circuit. The outputs of the interface circuit are SIG and RST which go to the telemetry circuits 34, the E signal which goes to the address generator 76, and TCLK which goes to the address generator 76, the memory circuits 72 and 74 and the sync/status circuits 80.

The telemetry circuits 34 starts sending FCLK signals when it is time to send data uphole. Before FCLK arrives, E and E' (the output of flip-flop 260 as described below) are low and TCLK is high. The first half cycle of FCLK makes E high because one input of an NAND-gate 258 goes low after a short delay due to the R-C network on that input. The first time FLCK goes low, flip-flop 260 is clocked, causing its output E' to go high. The Q output of flip-flop 260 going low maintains E high by locking-up gate 258. The E signal is made to go high as soon as possible because the LDD signal in the address generator circuit 76 can occur as late as one ECLK cycle after E goes high.

With the E' signal high, the A1 signal at the output of NAND-gate 262 starts by going low and then follows the other input FCLK. The positive-going edges of A1 clock a flip-flop 264 whose Q output is TCLK. The TCLK signal also clocks the scaler 266 on negative-going edges. The purpose of scaler 266 is to count the number of bits per word, including the sync word. After being clocked 19 times, the outputs B₁, B₂, and B₅ of scaler 266 are all high and as a result the output B₈ of a NAND-gate 268 goes low. One-half FCLK cycle later, A1 goes low, causing the output A₂ of gate 270 to go high. The A2 pulse resets flip-flop 260 through gate 272 and, hence, it resets E'. Signal A2 also causes an A3 pulse to be generated in gate 274 and an A4 pulse to be generated in gate 276. The latter pulse resets flip-flop 264 and counter 266. In addition, the signal A2 adds a count to a word counter 278. The next time FCLK goes low, E' goes high again and the process is repeated. At the end of 5 words, the Q₁ and Q₃ outputs of word counter 278 cause the output D5 of gate 280 to go low. The next positive FCLK edge 2 will pass through gate 282 and will trigger the one-shot comprised of gates 284 and 286 to produce the RST pulse. The RST pulse stops the FCLK from the telemetry circuits 34 and resets all the flip-flops and scalers in the interface circuit 78.

The output C2 of gate 288 is a series of 18 negative pulses, whose leading edges mark the boundaries of the 17 bits in a word. For C2 to go low, the output B6 of gate 290 must be high, i.e. either the B2 or B5 outputs of counter 266 must be low, TCLK must be high, and A1 must be low. The B6 output provides the word sync interval by going low to stop the C2 pulse. The DATA, A1 and TCLK signals are applied to gate 292 to create the C1 signal. For C1 to occur, DATA must be high while A1 and TCLK are both low. The C1 signal, when it occurs, is half-way between the C2 pulses. A signal C3 is an inverted mixture of C1 and C2 pulses, produced in inverter 294 and goes to the collector of a transistor 296. Waveform E' goes to the transistor base. The output (SIG) of the transistor at its emitter is connected to the emitter of a similar transistor in the telemetry circuits 34. When the telemetry is using the SIG line, the E' signal is low so the transistor 296 will look like an open circuit. Likewise, when the interface circuit is sending SIG, a similar transistor in the telemetry circuit 34 is cut off.

Thus, it can be seen that an FCLK signal from the telemetry circuits 34 generates the TCLK signal that shifts the data from the memories and the sync/status circuit through the telemetry interface transistor 296 to the telemetry circuit 34 itself. During this time, the number of bits in each word is counted and controlled as are the numbers of words in each frame.

The preferred procedure for computing τ from the near detector count rates N₁ -N₁₆ in accordance with the invention will now be described. As previously mentioned, the signal counting circuits 38 at the surface accumulate the count rate data for a time Δt before transferring the data to the buffer storage 40 and being reset to begin a new counting sequence. Accordingly, the counts per time gate, i.e., N₁ -N₁₆ for the near gates NG₁ -NG₁₆, respectively, and F₁ -F₁₆ for the far gates FG₁ -FG₁₆, respectively, as transmitted to storage 40 and to the computer 42, are not actually count rates but are simply the counts accumulated within each gate over the data accumulation period Δt. Thus, where the data symbols N₁ -N₁₆ and F₁ -F₁₆ are referred to in the following discussion concerning the computation of Δ, it will be understood that these represent total counts over the time Δt, as the case may be, as distinct from the count rates generated for the respective time gates in the downhole scalers. To that end, an internal clock is provided in the surface equipment to measure the duration Δ t of each accumulation period in order to obtain accurate count rates for each gate.

In broad terms, the procedure followed in computing Δ, and thereafter in selecting the scale factor F, is as follows: New values of Δ are calculated periodically for each detector based on ratios R formed for each detector from the respective net (background-corrected) count rates, as accumulated at the surface over the period Δt, from selected sets of time gates. These values are hereinafter designated Δ_(N) for the near detector values and Δ_(F) for the far detector values. As is explained more fully hereinafter, there are preferably seven sets of gates, each corresponding to a different ratio R, for each of the four scale factors F. The particular combination of gates making up each ration R is that combination which has been found to minimize the dispersion of τ on a given interval of τ, chosen as the interval of validity of the corresponding ratio. Although the same set of gates is used in computing both τ_(N) and τ_(F), it is selected on the basis of a previously measured value of τ_(N) only and is that set which is valid for such value of τ_(N) for the F value then in use. Using the gates thus identified, the ratios R_(N) and R_(F) are computed. The new values of τ_(N) and τ_(F) are then calculated from linear equations in the form:

    τ=a+b R.sup.-1                                         (1)

where a and b are coefficients which establish a linear relationship between R⁻¹ and τ over the interval of validity for that particular ratio R. The values of a and b for each ratio are computed beforehand and stored in the computer as a look-up library. Thereafter, the criteria for determining whether a change in the scale factor F is required are examined based on the new value of τ_(N) from Eq. (1). If it is determined that the scale value F must be changed, the appropriate command is sent downhole to the control circuits 33 to select the new F value as above described. Preferably commands to change F are sent only at the beginning of a new data accumulation period Δt in order to avoid mixing data taken with two different F values.

This procedure, of course, is carried out repetitively in the course of a logging run, with new values of τ_(N) and τ_(F) being calculated at the end of each accumulation interval Δt and new values of the scale factor F being selected as required. Since, as noted, commands to change F are sent only at the beginning of an accumulation period and since the τ computation and F selection procedure might well require an appreciable fraction of an accumulation period, commands to change F might be sent downhole at the beginning of every other accumulation period. For instance, for a typical logging speed of 1800 feet per hour, the accumulation time Δt at the surface might be approximately 1 second, to provide accumulation times Δt and hence τ measurements, corresponding to 6 inch depth intervals. Changes in F could therefore be made as frequently as once per foot of depth, which is quite adequate to follow the most rapid τ changes normally encountered, i.e. approximately 100 μsec per foot.

With reference now to FIGS. 13A, 13B and 14, the manner in which a library of gate sets for determining the ratios R_(N) and R_(F) and the corresponding values of the coefficients a and b for use in calculating τ in accordance with Eq. (1) are developed may be seen. As a principal object of the τ-computation procedure is to optimize the statistical precision of the value of τ obtained therefrom, it is desirable to use as many ratios as possible in order to decrease the statistical uncertainty of the result, but to use each ratio only over its τ range of validity. In order to ascertain which ratios afford optimum statistical precision in τ over the range of interest, some preliminary determinations must be made. First, it is desirable to allow for early non-exponential decay of the thermal neutron concentrations. This is done by choosing the first gate in each set as the one which begins most nearly at a time equal to twice the previous τ_(N) from the end of the neutron burst. Second, the gates used in the numerator and the gates used in the denominator are preferably contiguous in time. This is equivalent to using counts from only one gate for each of the numerator and denominator, such as the gate ΔT₁ in FIG. 13A and the gate ΔT₂ in FIG. 13B, respectively. Following this, the number and identity of the gates included in each term of the ratio is determined empirically. As the initial step, the mean count rate in each gate is determined from the expression: ##EQU1## where: Nij represents the mean number of counts/sec in a gate which begins at a time T_(i) and ends at a time T_(j) with respect to the end of the neutron burst; T_(B) and T_(p) are, respectively, the duration and repetition period of the neutron burst; and (where the times are expressed in units of seconds) A_(o) is the total number of decay signal counts that would be detected following a single long burst of neutrons (T_(B) >>τ) and B_(o) is the total background counts/sec if a steady neutron flux with the same intensity as that occurring during the neutron burst T_(B) is assumed.

A_(o) depends upon peak neutron yield and detector size, efficiency and spacing, as well as on tool environment. B_(o) depends on all of the foregoing and additionally upon time, since the major contributor to B_(o) with a NaI detector is the 25 minute neutron activation of I in the detector crystal. Typical observed values of A_(o) range from 50-100 counts for the near detector and from 9-25 counts for the far detector. B_(o) builds up to approximately 5×10⁴ counts/sec and 0.6×10⁴ counts/sec for the near and far detectors, respectively.

Using Eq. (2), the gate counting rates are calculated for a given F value. For example, for the case of F=1, τ=137.5 μsec, A_(o) =50 counts and B_(o) =4×10⁴ cps and using the gate times and durations of FIG. 2, the following counting rate table is obtained:

                  TABLE V                                                          ______________________________________                                         Gate   net cps    Background cps                                                                               Gross cps                                      ______________________________________                                         4      453.9      55.4          509.3                                          5      693.9      110.8         804.7                                          6      482.4      110.8         593.2                                          7      335.2      110.8         446.0                                          8      233.0      110.8         343.8                                          9      274.6      221.7         496.3                                          10     132.8      221.7         354.5                                          11     64.1       221.7         285.8                                          12     31.1       221.7         252.8                                          13     22.2       443.3         465.5                                          14     5.2        443.3         448.5                                          15     1.3        443.3         444.6                                          16     0.2        443.3         443.5                                          ______________________________________                                    

In Table V, the background counting rate is taken as the sum of the counting rates from gates G₁₅ and G₁₆, as applied proportionately to each gate. Since gates G₁₅ and G₁₆ are each 200 μsec long, the background counting rate for gates G₁₃ and G₁₄, each also 200 μsec long, is one-half the G₁₅ and G₁₆ total, the background counting rate for gates G₉ -G₁₂, each 100 μsec long, is one-quarter the gate G₁₅ and G₁₆ total, and so forth.

A reasonable set of gates is then selected and the fractional standard deviation σ_(R) /R in the ratio R of the count rates from such gates is calculated from: ##EQU2## where: N_(N) is the numerator net counting rate and D_(N) is the denominator net counting rate. The standard deviations in the numerator counting rate σ_(N) and the denominator counting rate σ_(D) are given by: ##EQU3## where N_(B) is numerator background counting rate, D_(B) is the denominator background counting rate, B is the sum of the counting rates from gates G₁₅ and G₁₆, N_(G) is the sum of N_(N) and N_(B), and D_(G) is the sum of D_(N) +D_(B).

Using Eq. (3), the fractional standard deviation σ_(R) /R of the ratio is computed for several different background smoothing tissue, e.g. 1, 2, 4 and 8 seconds. For instance, for the data of Table V the term √B/B in Eqs. (4) and (5) is 0.0336 for a 1-second averaging time, but is only one half of that, or 0.0186, for a 4-second averaging time. With the σ_(R) /R values thus obtained, the fractional standard deviation σ.sub.τ /τ in τ is calculated from:

    σ.sub.τ /τ=K(τR/R)                       (6)

where: ##EQU4## where: ΔT₁, ΔT₂, T₁ and T₂ are the durations and times of the numerator and denominator gates as taken as single long gates in the manner illustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13B.

Repeated solutions of Eqs. (3) and (6) are made for different gate sets, and their respective K values from Eq. (7), until it is determined that the minimum σ.sub.τ /τ has been found. Some compromise may be required, since a ratio (gate set) which gives the best results with one background smoothing time may not be optimum with another.

By way of illustration, six different gate sets, each affording a different ratio R, have been selected for the case of Table V (τ=137.5 μsec and F=1) as listed below in Table VI. The results obtained from the solution of Eqs. (3) and (6) are shown opposite each ratio for both 1-second and 4-second background smoothing times. The K value obtained through solution of Eq. (7) for each ratio is also shown.

                                      TABLE VI                                     __________________________________________________________________________                          1-Sec. Bkgnd. Ave.                                                                       4-Sec. Bkgnd. Ave.                              Ratio             K  σ.sub.R /R                                                                    σ.sub.τ /τ                                                            σ.sub.R /R                                                                    σ.sub.τ /τ                   __________________________________________________________________________     (1)                                                                               ##STR12##      .553                                                                              7.33%                                                                              4.05% 6.58%                                                                               3.64%                                      (2)                                                                               ##STR13##      .722                                                                              5.72%                                                                              4.13% 5.35%                                                                               3.86%                                      (3)                                                                               ##STR14##      .527                                                                              7.94%                                                                              4.19% 6.87%                                                                               3.62%                                      (4)                                                                               ##STR15##      .670                                                                              6.02%                                                                              4.03% 5.47%                                                                               3.67%                                      (5)                                                                               ##STR16##      .599                                                                              7.15%                                                                              4.28% 6.37%                                                                               3.84%                                      (6)                                                                               ##STR17##      .598                                                                              6.92%                                                                              4.14% 6.43%                                                                               3.84%                                      __________________________________________________________________________

As may be seen, ratios (1) and (4) yield close to the same minimum value σ.sub.τ /τ when background is averaged for 1 second, whereas with 4-second averaging ratios (1) and (3) are best, with ratio (4) close behind. In this case, therefore, ratio (1) would be the preferred ratio for use where τ is within the neighborhood of 137.5 μsec and F=1. (See also Table VII below.) The data of Table VI also shows that there is not a great deal of variation between the best and the worst values of σ.sub.τ /τ among all of the ratios. This occurs because the corresponding variation in K tends to compensate for the variation in σ_(R) /R with different ratios.

Tables like Tables V and VI are also prepared for other τ's within each τ range and for all of the other τ ranges over the full range of interest, e.g. from 50 μsec to 600 μsec. In general, calculations are preferably made for three τ's within each τ range, suitably the mean value and one near or at each extreme of the range. For instance, for the τ range of 131.3-143.8 μsec, calculations might be made for τ's of 131 μsec, 137.5 μsec and 144 μsec. The ratio which best minimizes σ.sub.τ /τ over the entire τ range is then selected as the one to be used for that particular range.

The same process is repeated for each of the remaining F values of 1/√3, √3 and 3 to build up a complete library of ratios for all of the scale factors. Tables V and VI, it will be recalled, represent only a single F value, i.e., F=1, and only a single τ, i.e., τ=137.5 μsec.

It will be appreciated, therefore, that the foregoing calculations will lead to a number of ratios, or gate sets, for each F value, with each ratio corresponding to a particular τ range, as aformentioned. The number of ratios used for each F will depend upon the number of F values used and on the desired degree of precision in τ. With 4F's, it has been found preferable to use seven ratios for each F value. This number of ratios allows precise calculation of τ over the full τ range associated with each F value. The particular τ limits for each ratio and for each F value may of course vary from those described herein, which are illustrative.

In accordance with the foregoing, a representative library of ratios for the full τ range of from approximately 50 μsec to approximately 600 μsec might be as follows (for convenience, the symbol G has been omitted from the gate numbers):

                                      TABLE VII                                    __________________________________________________________________________                Ratio                                                               τ Range                                                                           F   R             Equation for τ                                    __________________________________________________________________________     τ < 61.3 μs                                                                     ##STR18##                                                                          ##STR19##    τ = 21.9 + 40.4 R.sup.-1                          61.3-68.5                                                                             "                                                                                   ##STR20##    τ = 27.9 + 42.2 R.sup.-1                          68.5-75.8                                                                             "                                                                                   ##STR21##    τ = 33.6 + 43.9 R.sup.-1                          75.8-83.0                                                                             "                                                                                   ##STR22##    τ = 35.4 + 71.6 R.sup.-1                          83.0-93.8                                                                             "                                                                                   ##STR23##    τ = 39.0 + 94.8 R.sup.-1                          93.8-108.3                                                                            "                                                                                   ##STR24##    τ = 30.9 + 75.2 R.sup.-1                          τ > 108.3                                                                         "                                                                                   ##STR25##    τ = 36.5 +95.0 R.sup.-1                           τ < 106.3                                                                         1                                                                                   ##STR26##    τ = 38.0 + 69.9 R.sup.-1                          106.3-118.8                                                                           "                                                                                   ##STR27##    τ = 48.4 + 73.1 R.sup.-1                          118.8-131.3                                                                           "                                                                                   ##STR28##    τ = 58.2 + 76.1 R.sup.-1                          131.3-143.8                                                                           "                                                                                   ##STR29##    τ = 61.3 + 124.1 R.sup.-1                         143.8-162.5                                                                           "                                                                                   ##STR30##    τ = 67.6 + 164.2 R.sup.-1                         162.5-187.5                                                                           "                                                                                   ##STR31##    τ = 53.6 + 130.3 R.sup.-1                         τ > 187.5                                                                         "                                                                                   ##STR32##    τ = 63.2 + 164.6 R.sup.-1                         τ < 184.0 μs                                                                    ##STR33##                                                                          ##STR34##    τ = 65.8 + 121.1 R.sup.-1                         184.0-205.7                                                                           "                                                                                   ##STR35##    τ = 83.7 + 126.7 R.sup.-1                         205.7-227.3                                                                           "                                                                                   ##STR36##    τ = 100.9 + 131.8 R.sup.-1                        227.3-249.0                                                                           "                                                                                   ##STR37##    τ = 106.2 + 215.0 R.sup.-1                        249.0-281.5                                                                           "                                                                                   ##STR38##    τ = 78.9 + 266.0 R.sup.-1                         281.5-324.8                                                                           "                                                                                   ##STR39##    τ = 72.7 + 265.5 R.sup.-1                         τ > 324.8                                                                         "                                                                                   ##STR40##    τ = 109.4 + 285.0 R.sup.-1                        τ < 318.8                                                                         3                                                                                   ##STR41##    τ = 114.0 + 209.7 R.sup.-1                        318.8-356.3                                                                           "                                                                                   ##STR42##    τ = 145.0 + 219.4 R.sup.-1                        356.3-393.8                                                                           "                                                                                   ##STR43##    τ = 111.0 + 206.3 R.sup.-1                        393.8-431.3                                                                           "                                                                                   ##STR44##    τ =136.2 + 305.1 R.sup.-1                         431.3-487.5                                                                           "                                                                                   ##STR45##    τ = 136.7 + 461.0 R.sup.-1                        487.5-562.5                                                                           "                                                                                   ##STR46##    τ = 126.1 + 460.0 R.sup.-1                        τ > 562.5                                                                         "                                                                                   ##STR47##    τ = 139.5 + 494.0 R.sup.-1                        __________________________________________________________________________

There is no simple relationship between R and τ from which τ may be obtained directly once the ratio has been calculated. However, as each ratio R is used over only a limited range of τ, a linear relationship can be established between R and τ which closely approximates the true relationship therebetween. For instance, the dashed curve 298 in FIG. 14 illustrates an example of the true relationship between τ and R⁻¹ given by the equation: ##EQU5## where the terms ΔT₁, ΔT₂, T₁ and T₂ are defined according to FIGS. 13A and 13B.

Eq. (8) is solved with assumed values of τ over the range 50 μsec to 200 μsec, using the gate set (G₄ +G₅)/(G₈ +G₉ +G₁₀ +G₁₁), where G₄ =25 μsec, G₅ and G₈ =50 μsec each, and G₉, G₁₀ and G₁₁ =100 μsec each, and curve 298 of FIG. 14 is the result. In this instance, F=1. From Table VII, the region of the dashed curve 298 over which the highest accuracy in τ is required is from 131.3 μsec to 143.8 μsec, this being the τ interval of validity for the particular gate set and F value represented by curve 298. Accordingly, the solid straight-line curve 300 in FIG. 14 is made to fit these points as closely as possible by entering the τ and R⁻¹ values in Eq. (1) for each of these points and solving the resulting simultaneous equations for the values of the coefficients a and b. This gives, for the example of FIG. 14, an a value of 61.3 and a b value of 124.1.

A solution of the equation for curve 300 in FIG. 14, i.e., τ=61.3 +124.1 R⁻¹, for the R⁻¹ values used in plotting FIG. 14 gives calculated τ values as shown in Table VIII, from which it may be seen that the accuracy of the calculated τ is ±1% or better over approximately a 2-to-1 τ range, namely, from 100 μsec to 200 μsec.

                  TABLE VIII                                                       ______________________________________                                         True τ                Calc. τ                                          (μsec)   R.sup.- 1     (μsec)                                            ______________________________________                                         50          0.0388        66.1                                                 75          0.1520        80.2                                                 100         0.3194        100.9                                                115         0.4340        115.2                                                125         0.5133        125.0                                                137.5       0.6139        137.5                                                150         0.7147        150.0                                                175         0.9126        174.6                                                200         1.1014        198.0                                                ______________________________________                                    

The values of the coefficients a and b for the remaining combinations of F and gates sets of Table VII are determined in a like manner to develop the complete library of expressions of Eq. (1) for use in solving for τ_(N) and τ_(F), based on respective measured values of R_(N) and R_(F). These expressions are also listed in Table VII opposite the corresponding ratios and are also stored in the computer 42 in correspondence with the associated F value and ratio gate set. It will be understood that the values of the coefficients a and b will differ from those set out in Table VII if F values other than 1/√3, 1, √3 and 3 are used or if different gates are used in determining the ratios R.

As mentioned, the counting rates from the various gates used in computing the ratios R_(N) and R_(F) are net counting rates over the accumulation period Δt. To obtain the net counting rates, it is necessary to determine the background counting rate and subtract the appropriate amount from the gross gate counting rates. As background counting rate is unknown and varies, it must be estimated. Since the background counting rates generally change slowly, it is permissible to average it over a relatively long time, i.e. 4-8 seconds as compared to a normal accumulation period Δt of 1 second for the gross gate counting rate. It has been found that for the first four sets of gates and equations for each F value in Table VII, it is sufficient to assume that gates 15 and 16 contain only background signal, and the gross counting rates N₁₅ and N₁₆ from these gates may simply be accumulated and averaged over the background accumulation period and then subtracted from the gross counting rates from the gates to be used in determining the ratios. In the case of the last three gate sets and equations for each F value, however, it has been found necessary to adjust the coefficients a and b to correct for the presence of a small, but significant, amount of decay signal in the gross counting rates of gates 15 and 16. The manner in which this background adjustment is made may be seen by considering, as an example, the case of F=1 and R=(G₇ +G₈)/(G₁₀ +G₁₁ +G₁₂ +G₁₃). First, the true mean counting rates N₇, N₈, N₁₀, etc. in each of the gates G₇, G₈, G₁₀, etc. must be determined. This may be done as described above by use of Eq. (2). For the example at hand, and assuming τ=185 μsec, A_(o) =100 and F=1 and using the neutron burst and detection gate times of FIG. 2, Eq. (2) yields the following "true" decay signal count rates (in cps) in each of the gates of interest: N₇ =881.0, N₈ =672.3, N₁₀ =526.9, N₁₁ =306.8, N₁₂ =178.8, N₁₃ =164.8, N₁₅ =18.9 and N₁₆ =6.4. The magnitude of the decay signal which would be subtracted from a 200 μsec time gate along with the background, therefore, would be (N₁₅ +N₁₆)/2=12.65 cps. This would give apparent "net" count rates (in cps) for the gates of interest of N₇ (net)=881.0-12.65/4=877.8, N₈ =672.3-12.65/4=669.1, N₁₀ =526.9-12.65/2=520.6, N₁₁ =306.8-12.65/2=300.5, N₁₂ =178.8-12.65/2=172.5 and N₁₃ =164.8-12.65=152.2. Similarly, for τ=210 μsec (all other parameters remaining the same), Eq. (2) yields true decay signal count rates (cps) of N₇ =1019.2, N₈ =803.0, N₁₀ =702.8, N₁₁ =436.8, N₁₂ =271.6, N₁₃ =273, N₁₅ =40.6, and N₁₆ =15.7. Summing the count rates from gates G₁₅ and G₁₆ and dividing by two, the decay signal subtracted along with background from a 200 μsec gate to obtain the "net" count rate would be 28.15 cps. The respective "net" count rates (in cps) therefore, are N₇ =1012.2, N₈ =796.0, N₁₀ =688.7, N₁₁ =422.7, N₁₂ =257.5, N₁₃ =244.9.

Forming the ratio R=(N₇ +N₈)/(N₁₀ +N₁₁ +N₁₂ +N₁₃) for both τ=185 μsec and τ=210 μsec, the respective values of R are 1.350 and 1.1205, with the corresponding values of R⁻¹ being 0.7407 and 0.8925. The two sets of τ's and R's may then be used to solve for the adjusted values of the coefficients a and b in Eq. (1). This gives a=63.0 and b=164.7, so that if gates G₁₅ and G₁₆ are used for background, the resulting equation for the gate set (N₇ +N₈)/(N₁₀ +N₁₁ +N₁₂ +N₁₃) is τ=63.0+164.7R⁻¹. This is not quite identical to the equation for this gate set in Table VII, since that equation was made to fit the "true" τ vs. R⁻¹ curve at τ's of 187 μsec and 212.5 μsec, whereas τ's of 185 and 210 have been used for the purpose of this example. However, the differences between the two equations are quite minor. It will be appreciated, therefore, that the presence of decay signal in the "background" gates G₁₅ and G₁₆ may properly be accounted for in the foregoing way for each of the last three gate sets and equations for all F values.

Eq. (7) for K assumes that there is no significant decay signal in gates G₁₅ and G₁₆, but only background signal. An alternative method of determining K, and one which can be used whether or not there is non-negligible signal mixed with background in gates G₁₅ and G₁₆, is to calculate a ΔR⁻¹ to go with a Δτ, and then solve for K from:

    Δτ/τ=K(ΔR.sup.-1 /R.sup.-1)            (8)

For example, to find K for the case of F=1 and τ=200 μsec using the gate set (G₇ +G₈)/(G₁₀ +G₁₁ +G₁₂ +G₁₃) and further using gates G₁₅ and G₁₆ for background, values of R⁻¹ are computed as before by solving Eq. (2) for the respective gate counting rates and taking the inverse of the ratio for two values of τ spaced equally on either side of the τ in question, i.e. τ=200 μsec. Hence, for example, for τ=213 μsec and 187 μsec, for a Δτ of 26 μsec, values of R⁻¹ of 0.9105 and 0.7527, respectively, are obtained, for a ΔR⁻¹ of 0.1578. For the mean τ of 200 μsec, the mean R⁻¹ is 0.8316. K is then readily obtained from Eq. (8) by inserting 200 μsec for τ, 0.8316 for R⁻¹, 26 μsec for Δτ and 0.1578 for ΔR⁻¹, giving for K a value of 0.685. This value is then used in Eq. (6) to determine the fractional standard deviation in τ.

As noted above, the same time gates are used for the far detector 26 as for the near detector 24, i.e., NG₁ =FG₁, NG₂ =FG₂, . . . NG₁₆ =FG₁₆, and the same F value, selected on the basis of new τ_(N), is also used for both detectors. Likewise, τ_(F) is calculated based on the same type of equation as τ_(N), i.e., the equations of Table VII, but using of course the counting rates from the far-detector gates. Background correction of the far-detector counting rates, and of the coefficients a and b if needed, is made in the same manner as described above in connection with the near detector. Because τ_(F) tends to be larger than τ_(N), the first gate chosen for calculating τ_(F) is generally less tan 2×τ_(F) from the end of the neutron burst. While this does not seriously affect the value of τ_(F), having the far-detector gates begin closer than 2×τ_(F) affords the substantial statistical advantage of significantly increasing the counting rates in the far-detector gates. For instance, if τ_(F) is 1.15×τ_(N), the far-detector counting rates F₁, F₂. . . F₁₆ are on the order of 1.3 times higher than would be the case if τ_(F) equalled τ_(N). The fact of τ_(F) being larger than τ_(N) does result in relatively more decay signal in gates FG₁₅ and FG₁₆. This effect, however, does not appear significant, and at the most τ_(F) might be decreased as a result thereof by about 1% when τ_(F) =1.15 τ_(N). An important benefit of τ_(F) is that it is substantially free of neutron-diffusion effects. It is, therefore, quite useful for applications where diffusion effects must be considered.

Once τ_(N) and τ_(F) have been determined, Σ_(N) and Σ_(F) can readily be computed using the expression:

    Σ=(4550/τ)                                       (9)

where Σ is in capture units and τ_(N), or τ_(F), is in μsec.

It may also be desirable to obtain a ratio, generally designated the N/F ratio, of the counting rates from certain near and far detector gates. Such a ratio, plotted against Σ_(N) and/or Σ_(F), is useful in obtaining apparent values of porosity and water salinity in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 3,971,935, granted July 27, 1976 to W. B. Nelligan. The ratio N/F may take various forms, but preferably is formed from the gates used in computing τ plus all intermediate gates. For example, for the case of F=1 and R=(G₆ +G₇)/(G₉ +G₁₀ +G₁₁ +G₁₂ +G₁₃) a suitable form of the ratio would be: ##EQU6## where N₆, . . . N₁₃ and F₆, . . . F₁₃ are net counting rates averaged over the accumulation period at Δt.

FIG. 15 illustrates a flow chart for implementing the τ-computation and F selection procedures on a general purpose digital computer. If desired, these procedures could likewise be implemented by use of a microprocessor. It will be understood that a complete library of gate set ratios and τ equations in the form of Eq. (1) will have been determined beforehand for both detectors and stored in the computer in correlation with the respective F values and τ ranges. The criteria for governing changes in F will likewise have been previously determined and stored. Assuming the tool has been lowered in the borehole to the initial depth of interest and that an initial set of counting rate data N₁, . . . N₁₆ and F₁. . . F₁₆ has been acquired over the period Δt at the surface for initial τ and F values of τ=200 μsec and F=1, respectively, the computer is first instructed at 302 to test F and read the τ intervals corresponding thereto. For example, from Table VII, there are seven τ intervals covering the initial τ range of from <106.3 μsec to >187.5 μsec. The computer next, as represented by box 304 in FIG. 15, locates the correct τ interval for the previous value of τ, which in case of τ=200 is the last interval in Table VII for F=1. Under instruction at 306, the computer then computes the near-detector background counting rate B_(N) and the far-detector background counting rate B_(F) by averaging the counting rates from NG₁₅ and NG₁₆, on the one hand, and FG₁₅ and FG₁₆, on the other hand, over the desired smoothing time, e.g. 1 second, 4 seconds, etc. Next, at step 308, the net counting rates N_(i) and F_(i) are computed, where i=each gate included in the ratio selected at step 304 and preferably all intermediate gates. In this case, this would include the gate set (G₇ +G₈)/(G₁₀ +G₁₁ +G₁₂ +G₁₃) and the intermediate gate G₉. The computer is then instructed, at 310, to compute the ratios R_(N) and R_(F) from the respective net counting rates. Next, at 312, the computer is instructed to read the values of the coefficients a and b, e.g., a=63.2 and b=164.6, and then, at 314, to compute the new τ_(N) and the new τ_(F) from the linear function τ=a+bR⁻¹ using the appropriate values of a, b, and R⁻¹.

At this point, the computer may also determine Σ_(N) and Σ_(F) according to Eq. (9), as indicated at step 316 in FIG. 15, and if desired may also compute the N/F ratio in accordance with Eq. (10), as indicated at box 318 in FIG. 15. The computer may also be instructed at this point, as indicated at box 320, to read out to the recorder 44 the new values of τ_(N), τ_(F), Σ_(N), Σ_(F), Σ_(F) and N/F for recording as a function of tool depth. Other outputs such as the background counting rates B_(N) and B_(F), and counting rates N₈ and F₈ (gross or net) from the rear detector gate NG₈ and the far detector gate FG₈, respectively, may also be read out and recorded for monitoring purposes.

The computer then checks at test 322 to determine whether the end of the depth interval to be logged has been reached. If it has, the program terminates. If not, the computer then tests at 324 whether the new τ_(N) is within the limits established for the old value of F, here F=1. With the criteria of Table I, for instance, if new τ_(N) is between 95 μsec and 210 μsec, new τ_(N) would be within the proper limits for F_(old) =1 and the computer would then return to step 302 and begin a new τ-computation sequence based on the counting rate data set acquired over the next data accumulation period Δt. However if new τ_(N) is either greater than 210 μsec or less than 95 μsec, the computer would carry out the additional step 326 of generating a new command signal for transmission downhole to change the scale factor value F to the appropriate value. For instance, if new τ_(N) was greater than 210 μsec, F would be changed to √3 and if new τ_(N) was less than 95 μsec it would be changed to 1/√3. The computer would then return to step 302 and repeat the procedure as aforementioned until the tool had traversed the depth interval of interest.

As noted above, the telemetry circuits 34 and 36 may comprise any suitable bi-directional telemetry system, and the details thereof do not form a part of the present invention. The basic components and functions of a preferred form of telemetry system are illustrated in FIGS. 16 and 17. As there depicted, the system is a word-oriented, bi-directional telemetry system having a 10 kilo bit/sec upward data rate. The downhole circuits 34, illustrated in FIG. 16, include three functionally distinguishable parts: (1) the power supply, (2) the upward data circuitry, and (3) the downward data circuitry. If desired, caliper, casing collar, gamma ray, head voltage, and other sensors (not shown), together with any necessary A/D converters, may also be provided in the downhole telemetry circuits 34. The power supply 340 suitably comprises a switching regulator-inverter type power supply capable of accepting either DC or AC inputs. Where a monocable is required, as for through tubing logging for example, the power supply 340 is preferably DC driven, as indicated schematically at 342 in FIG. 16. Where a multiconductor cable can be used, the power supply 340 is preferably AC driven, indicated at 344 in FIG. 16.

Turning briefly now to FIG. 18, the basic data structure and format of a telemetry frame will be described before proceeding further with the description of the downhole telemetry circuits 34. The initial 3.2 ms period in each frame is reserved for sonic transmission, although this need not be done for purposes of the thermal neutron logging functions of the present invention. This is followed by the upward data from the nuclear logging operations. The upward data consists of words of an odd number of bits in length. Any number of words may be sent so long as they fit in the time period provided. Following the upward data is a 3.2 ms time slot for the downward data. This is followed by a pause until the beginning of the next frame. The individual words consist of an even number of data bits (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, etc.) not exceeding 16, a parity bit ad a sync condition which is two bits wide, as is illustrated in FIG. 10.

Returning now to FIG. 16, and if one or more sensors (not shown) are included in the downhole telemetry unit, the parallel-to-serial (P/S) control logic 346 first interrogates, via the fast clock signal FCLK, the A/D converters and associated P/S converter(s) to read out the sensor data. This is done once per frame. When the last bit of sensor data has been shifted out, the P/S control logic 346 passes the clock signal FCLK along to the telemetry interface circuit 78. (See FIG. 3.) As described above in connection with FIG. 12, the telemetry interface circuit 78 generates the telemetry reset signal RST upon completion of the data read out from the near detector and far detector memories 72 and 74. The RST signal is applied to the P/S control logic 346 to reset the serial loop and ready it for the next frame. It also resets the telemetry control-encoder 348.

The telemetry control-encoder 348 accepts the partially encoded serial data (SIG) from the telemetry interface circuit 78 (or from the P/S converter(s) associated with the sensors in the telemetry unit) and phase shift encodes it. The data rate is nominally 10K bits/sec. The preferred sense of the encoding is that there will be a phase transition at each bit boundary. If the bit value is "0", no transition takes place at the center of the bit period; if the value is "1", a transition is inserted at the center of the bit period. The sync condition is a 2-bit period during which no transition takes place. The encoded signal is fed to a cable driver (not shown) which places the signal on the cable. The telemetry control-encoder 348 also includes timing circuits for generating the FCLK signal as a 20 KHz continuous square wave, and additional logic circuits for generating the 3.2 ms sonic period and the gating signal CMRG for gating the command receiver 350 for reception of the downward data, also a 3.2 ms period. If no external sync is applied, as when DC power on a monocable is being used, the system runs free at a frame period of 19.2 ms (See FIG. 18.) When AC is used to power the tool, a zero crossing detector 352 is used to produce a sync pulse at each positive crossing of the 60 Hz power waveform. The telemetry control-encoder 348 then operates the system on a 16.7 ms frame period.

When the surface equipment senses the cessation of upward data transmission, the downward transmission is started. This data is a 6-bit word and is used, as described above, to transmit commands, such as the scale factor command signal, the plateau check command, calibration check command, etc., to the tool 10. The command words are encoded as bipolar pulses with the sense that a leading negative bipolar pulse is a "0" and a leading positive pulse is a "1". The format and timing are illustrated in FIG. 19. As depicted, the most significant bit is transmitted first and the least significant bit last. The two most significant bits can then be used as tool address bits, with the four least significant bits specifying tool functions, such as change F value, plateau check, etc. In the downhole telemetry circuits 34 (FIG. 16), the CMRG signal from the telemetry control-encoder 348 is sent to the command receiver 350 at the end of the upward data transmission, thereby enabling the receiver. In the command receiver, the downward data signal is sensed, decoded and converted into a pulse width-modulated (PWM) signal (using the code illustrated in FIG. 19) as shown in FIG. 20. This is a self-clocking signal designated the CMCD signal, and thus requires only one line.

The CMCD signal is applied to the command decoder circuit 82 in FIG. 3, for use as described above, and also, if desired, to a command decoder circuit (not shown) in the downhole telemetry circuits 34, for use in carrying out any desired operation in the telemetry unit. For example, status checks of any sensors provided therein could be carried out.

With reference now to FIG. 17, the uphole telemetry circuits 36 may be seen to include two basic parts: (1) the upward data receiver and demultiplexer and (2) the downward (or command) data buffer and transmitter. The upward data receiver 354 amplifies and shapes the cable signal, restoring it to the shape it had when put on the cable by the downhole driver circuit. The receiver 354 also senses the cessation of the up data transmission from the downhole circuits 34. The loss of up data signal (NO SIG) is used to synchronize a phase-lock loop 356, which provides the necessary timing, via blanking signal BLNK, for gating the receiver 354 on only when telemetry is expected. It also generates an enabling signal ENBL to enable the down data command transmitter 358 during the 3.2 ms down data period of each telemetry frame (see FIG. 18), as well as any required gating signals for the 3.2 ms sonic period.

The restored up data signal from the receiver 354 is fed to a demultiplexer 360 for conversion of the serial data into parallel data on a 16 bit wide up data bus 362. The least significant data bit of the word sent will always appear as the least significant bit in the bus 362 regardless of the length of the word sent. Parity is checked in the demultiplexer 360 and compared to the parity bit telemetered. A "parity valid" signal is included in the data bus. The data on the bus is valid until the arrival of the next telemetry word which can be as soon as 0.7 ms or as late as 1.9 ms. If desired, the up data bus 362 may also contain a 4 bit word identifier number for the purpose of allowing any data handling devices along the data bus to identify data destined for them. The words in the telemetry frame are numbered in order of appearance, with words 1 and 2 being assigned to the downhole telemetry circuits 34 for use in transmitting data acquired by any sensors included in those circuits. Each of these words may be broken up into segments, e.g. of 4 bits each, as needed to accommodate transmission of the data from the sensors.

The up data bus 362 connects to a first in-out first out buffer 364 where the count rate or other data contained in the respective words (as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 10) are held until transferred to the count rate circuits 38.

Commands to the downhole tool 10 are entered through a down data bus 366. As previously mentioned, the down data commands are 6 bit words without parity. The bus 366, then, preferably has seven wires, 6 data bit lines and a busy line. A command may be entered on the bus anytime the busy line is low. The command words are queued up in a first in-first out buffer 368 and are sent downhole one per frame. To that end, the phase lock loop 356 enables the command transmitter 358 at the end of the upward data transmission period of a frame (see FIG. 18) and a command is sent. If no commands are present in the buffer 368, a zero is sent.

Although the invention has been described and illustrated with reference to specific embodiments thereof, many modifications and variations thereof may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the inventive concepts disclosed. Accordingly, all such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for measuring a thermal neutron decay characteristic of an earth formation, comprising the steps of:(a) irradiating a formation with a plurality of discrete bursts of fast neutrons; (b) selecting, as a function of a known value of the thermal neutron decay characteristic of the formation to be measured, a certain set of two different measurement intervals following each neutron burst from among a number of such sets of two measurement intervals, each of such sets of measurement intervals corresponding to a particular range of values of said decay characteristic, said certain set of measurement intervals selected being that set which corresponds to the decay characteristic value range which encompasses said known value of the decay characteristic; (c) measuring indications of the thermal neutron concentration in the formation during each of said measurement intervals in said selected set following each neutron burst; (d) forming a ratio R of the measurements made in step (c) accumulated over said plurality of neutron bursts. (e) determining a new value of said decay characteristic as a function of the value of the ratio R formed in step (d); and (f) repeating steps (a) through (e) using the new value of the decay characteristic determined in step (e) above as the known value of the decay characteristic in new step (b).
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said decay characteristic is the thermal neutron decay time constant τ.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein step (e) comprises: previously establishing for each set of measurement intervals an empirical relationship between the decay characteristic and the ratio R of neutron concentration measurements for said set that is valid over substantially the full range of decay characteristic values that corresponds to said set of measurement intervals; anddetermining said new value of the decay characteristic from the empirical relationship thus previously established for the set of measurement intervals selected in step (b).
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein:said decay characteristic is the thermal neutron decay time constant τ; and said empirical relationship is a linear relationship having substantially the form τ=a+bR⁻¹, where R⁻¹ is the inverse of the ratio of the measurements made in the selected set of measurement intervals and a and b are constants relating τ and R⁻¹ over the range of τ values corresponding to the selected set of measurement intervals.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the times of occurrence of the measurement intervals of each set of measurement intervals are selected so as to afford the minimum deviation in the decay characteristic value, when determined in the manner specified in steps (c), (d) and (e) above, for substantially all decay characteristic values over the full range of decay characteristic values corresponding to said each set.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the first-occurring of said two measurement intervals selected in step (b) begins at a time substantially twice as long after the termination of the neutron burst as the known value of said decay characteristic used in step (b).
 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of:(g) selecting, as a function of the new value of the decay characteristic determined in step (e), one of a finite number of discrete scale factor values F; and (h) adjusting the durations of at least the two measurement intervals selected in new step (b) by said selected F value.
 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising the step of adjusting the duration of each neutron burst in new step (a) by said selected F value.
 9. The method of claim 7 wherein:there are a number of different decay characteristic ranges for each scale factor value F and each of such ranges has a particular set of two measurement intervals corresponding thereto; and said certain set of two measurement intervals selected in new step (b) is that set which corresponds both to the new value of the decay characteristic determined in prior step (e) and to said selected F value.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein there are four scale factor values F and seven sets of measurement intervals, said sets corresponding to seven different ranges of decay characteristic values, for each F value.
 11. The method of claim 7 wherein said scale factor values progressively increase in magnitude from F value to F value by a constant incremental factor.
 12. The method of claim 11 wherein there are four scale factor values and the magnitude of said incremental factor is √3.
 13. The method of claim 7 wherein step (g) comprises:previously establishing for each F value a particular range of decay characteristic values within which said each F value may be used; and selecting the F value to be used as a value whose corresponding decay characteristic range encompasses the new decay characteristic value determined in step (e).
 14. A method for measuring a thermal neutron decay characteristic of an earth formation, comprising:(a) irradiating an earth formation with a discrete burst of fast neutrons during each of a succession of irradiation intervals; (b) detecting indications of the concentrations of thermal neutrons in the formation following each neutron burst and generating signals representative thereof; (c) storing said signals during a contiguous sequence of discrete time gates during each irradiation interval, said sequence beginning following a discrete time delay after termination of the neutron burst in said irradiating interval and extending over substantially the remainder of said irradiation interval; (d) selecting, as a function of a known value of a thermal neutron decay characteristic to be measured, a certain set of said discrete time gates, said selected gate set defining (1) a first-occurring measurement interval and (2) a second-occurring measurement interval within each irradiation interval; (e) measuring the signals stored during each of said first and second measurement intervals to obtain an indication of the thermal neutron concentration in the formation during each said measurement interval; (f) forming a ratio R of the first and second measurements made in accordance with step (e) during a number of said irradiation intervals; (g) determining, as a function of the value of R determined in step (f), a new value of the decay characteristic; and (h) using the new value of the decay characteristic determined in step (g) as said known value of the decay characteristic in step (d) during a subsequent number of said irradiation intervals.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein:there is a plurality of said sets of discrete time gates, each set defining respective first-occurring and second-occurring measurement intervals and each set corresponding to a particular range of decay characteristic values; and step (d) comprises selecting as said certain gate set that gate set whose corresponding decay characteristic range encompasses said known value of the decay characteristic.
 16. The method of claim 14 further comprising the steps of:(i) selecting, as a function of the new decay characteristic value determined in step (g), one of a finite number of discrete scale factor values F; and (j) simultaneously adjusting the durations of said discrete time gates in a subsequent number of said irradiation intervals by said selected F value.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein step (j) further comprises adjusting in said subsequent number of irradiation intervals the duration of the discrete time delay between the end of the neutron burst and the beginning of said gate sequence by said selected F value, whereby both the time of occurrence and the durations of such discrete time gates are adjusted in common by said selected F value.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein step (j) further comprises adjusting the duration and the repetition period of the neutron burst in said subsequent number of irradiation intervals by said selected F value.
 19. The method of claim 16 wherein step (i) comprises:previously establishing for each F value a range of decay characteristic values within which each F value may be used; and selected as the F value to be used in said subsequent number of irradiation intervals an F value whose corresponding decay characteristic range encompasses the new decay characteristic value determined in step (g).
 20. The method of claim 19 wherein:step (i) further comprises previously establishing within each range of decay characteristic values for each F value a number of sub-ranges of decay characteristic values and a different gate set corresponding to each such sub-range; and selecting as said certain gate set to be used in step (d) during said subsequent number of irradiation intervals the gate set which corresponds both to the F value selected in step (i) and the new decay characteristic value determined in step (g).
 21. The method of claim 19 wherein:the F values progressively increase in value by a constant incremental factor from a lowest value a highest value; and the decay characteristic ranges established for adjacent F values in said progression of F values overlap, whereby there is a region within each said particular decay characteristic range within which either of the two adjacent F values may be used.
 22. The method of claim 15 wherein step (g) comprises:previously establishing for each gate set an empirical relationship between the decay characteristic and the ratio R of neutron concentration measurements for said set that is valid over substantially the full range of decay characteristic values that corresponds to said each gate set; and determining said new value of the decay characteristic from the empirical relationship thus previously established for said certain gate set selected in step (d).
 23. The method of claim 22 wherein:said decay characteristic is the thermal neutron decay time constant τ; and said empirical relationship is a linear relationship having substantially the form τ=a+b R⁻¹, where R⁻¹ is the inverse of the ratio R of the measurements made in said certain selected gate set and a and b are constants relating τ and R⁻¹ over the range of τ values corresponding to said certain selected gate set.
 24. A method for measuring a thermal neutron decay characteristic of an earth formation, comprising the steps of:(a) irradiating an earth formation with a discrete burst of fast neutrons during each of a succession of irradiation intervals; (b) detecting indications of the thermal neutron concentration in the formation during a sequence of contiguous, discrete time gates in each irradiation interval, said sequence of time gates beginning following a discrete time delay after the end of the neutron burst in said irradiation interval and extending throughout the remainder of said irradiation interval; (c) selecting, as a function of a known value of the thermal neutron decay characteristic to be measured, one of a finite number of scale factor values F; (d) adjusting the durations of the discrete time gates in step (b) by said selected F value; (e) selecting, as a function of said known decay characteristic value and said selected F value, a certain set of said discrete time gates, said selected gate set defining (1) a first-occurring measurement interval and (2) a second-occurring measurement interval within each irradiation interval; (f) measuring said detected thermal neutron concentration indications during said first and second measurement intervals over a number of irradiation intervals; (g) forming a ratio R of said first and second measurements; (h) determining, as a function of said ratio R formed in step (g), a new value of the decay characteristic; and (i) using the new decay characteristic value determined in step (h) as said known value of the decay characteristic in step (c) during a subsequent number of irradiation intervals.
 25. The method of claim 24 wherein step (c) comprises:previously establishing a particular range of decay characteristic values within which each F value may be used; and selecting as said one F value an F value whose corresponding decay characteristic range encompasses said known decay characteristic value.
 26. The method of claim 25 wherein step (e) comprises:previously establishing within each range of decay characteristic values for each F value a number of sub-ranges of decay characteristic values and a corresponding number of different gate sets, each of said gate sets defining (1) a first-occurring measurement interval and (2) a second-occurring measurement interval within each irradiation interval; and selecting as said certain gate set the gate set which corresponds both to the F value selected in step (c) and said known decay characteristic value.
 27. The method of claim 26 wherein step (h) comprises:previously establishing for each gate set an empirical relationship between the decay characteristic and the ratio R of neutron concentration measurements for said each set that is valid over substantially the full range of decay characteristic values corresponding to said gate set; and determining said new value of the decay characteristic from the empirical relationship thus previously established for said certain gate set selected in step (e).
 28. The method of claim 27 wherein:said decay characteristic is the thermal neutron decay time constant τ; and said empirical relationship is a linear relationship having substantially the form τ=a+b R⁻¹, where R⁻¹ is the inverse of the ratio R of the measurements made in said certain gate set selected in step (e) and a and b are constants relating τ R⁻¹ over the range of τ values corresponding to said certain selected gate set.
 29. Apparatus for measuring a thermal neutron decay characteristic of an earth formation, comprising:(a) means for irradiating a formation with a first series of discrete bursts of fast neutrons; (b) means for selecting, as a function of a known value of the thermal neutron decay characteristic of the formation to be measured, a certain set of two different measurement intervals following each neutron burst from among a number of such sets of two measurement intervals, each of such sets of measurement intervals corresponding to a particular range of values of said decay characteristic, said certain set of measurement intervals selected being that set which corresponds to the decay characteristic value range which encompasses said known value of the decay characteristic; (c) means for measuring indications of the thermal neutron concentration in the formation during each of said measurement intervals in said selected set and for generating signals representative thereof; (d) means responsive to said signals following said first series of neutron bursts for generating a signal functionally related to a ratio R of said measurements over said first series of neutron bursts; and (e) means responsive to said ratio function signal for determining a new value of said decay characteristic and generating a signal representative thereof.
 30. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein:said irradiating means (a) includes means for irradiating the formation with a second series of discrete bursts of fast neutrons; and said selecting means (b) includes means responsive to said signal representative of the new value of the decay characteristic for selecting said new value as said known value of the decay characteristic following said second series of neutron bursts.
 31. The apparatus of claim 30 wherein said decay characteristic is the thermal neutron decay time constant τ.
 32. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein the determining means (e) comprises:means embodying, for each set of measurement intervals, a previously established empirical relationship between the decay characteristic and the ratio R of neutron concentration measurements for said set that is valid over substantially the full range of decay characteristic values that corresponds to said set of measurement intervals; and means for determining said new value of the decay characteristic from the previously established empirical relationship for the set of measurement intervals selected by said selecting means (b).
 33. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein:said decay characteristic is the thermal neutron decay time constant τ; and said empirical relationship is a linear relationship having substantially the form τ=a+b R⁻¹, where R⁻¹ is the inverse of the ratio of the measurements made in the selected set of measurement intervals and a and b are constants relating τ and R⁻¹ over the range of τ values corresponding to the selected set of measurement intervals.
 34. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein the times of occurrence of the measurement intervals relative to the end of the neutron burst for each set of measurement intervals are preset in said selecting means (b) at those times which afford the minimum deviation in the decay characteristic value, when determined in the manner specified in subparagraphs (c), (d) and (e) above, for substantially all decay characteristic values over the full range of decay characteristic values corresponding to said each set.
 35. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein the first-occurring of said two measurement intervals selected by the selecting means (b) begins at a time substantially twice as long after the termination of the neutron burst as the known value of said decay characteristic used by said selecting means (b).
 36. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein said irradiating means (a) includes means for irradiating the formation with a second series of discrete bursts of fast neutrons and wherein said apparatus further comprises:(f) means for selecting, in response to said signal representative of the new value of the decay characteristic determined by determining means (e), one of a finite number of discrete scale factor values F and for generating a control signal representative thereof; and (g) means responsive to said control signal for adjusting the durations of at least the two measurement intervals selected by selecting means (b) following said second series of neutron bursts by said selected F value.
 37. The apparatus of claim 36 wherein said adjusting means (g) includes means for adjusting the duration of said second neutron burst by said selected F value.
 38. The apparatus of claim 36 wherein:there are a number of different decay characteristic ranges for each scale factor value F and each of such ranges has a particular set of two measurement intervals corresponding thereto; and said certain set of two measurement intervals selected by said selecting means (b) following said second neutron burst is that set which corresponds both to the new value of the decay characteristic determined by said determining means (e) following said first series of neutron bursts and to said selected F value.
 39. The apparatus of claim 38 wherein there are four scale factor values F and seven sets of measurement intervals, said sets corresponding to seven different ranges of decay characteristic values, for each F value.
 40. The apparatus of claim 36 wherein said scale factor values progressively increase in magnitude from F value to F value by a constant incremental factor.
 41. The apparatus of claim 40 wherein there are four scale factor values and the magnitude of said incremental factor is √3.
 42. The apparatus of claim 36 wherein the F value selecting means (f) comprises:means embodying, for each F value, a particular range of decay characteristic values within which said each F value may be used; and means for selecting the F value to be used following said second series of neutron bursts as a value whose corresponding decay characteristic range encompasses the new decay characteristic value determined by determining means (e) following said first series of neutron bursts.
 43. Apparatus for measuring a thermal neutron decay characteristic of an earth formation, comprising:(a) means for irradiating an earth formation with a discrete burst of fast neutrons during each of a succession of irradiation intervals; (b) means for detecting indications of the concentrations of thermal neutrons in the formation following each neutron burst and for generating signals representative thereof; (c) means for storing said signals during a contiguous sequence of discrete time gates during each irradiation interval, said sequence beginning following a discrete time delay after termination of the neutron burst in said irradiating interval and extending over substantially the remainder of said irradiation interval; (d) means for selecting, as a function of a known value of a thermal neutron decay characteristic to be measured, a certain set of said discrete time gates, said selected gate set defining (1) a first-occurring measurement interval and (2) a second-occurring measurement interval within each irradiation interval; (e) means for measuring the signals stored during each of said first and second measurement intervals to obtain an indication of the thermal neutron concentration in the formation during each said measurement interval; (f) means forming a ratio R of the first and second measurements made by said measuring means (e) during a number of irradiation intervals; (g) means for determining, as a function of the value of R formed by said ratio forming means (f), a new value of the decay characteristic; and (h) means for applying a function of the new value of the decay characteristic determined by the determining means (g) to the selecting means (d) for use therein as said function of said known value of the decay characteristic during a subsequent number of irradiation intervals.
 44. The apparatus of claim 43 wherein:there is a plurality of said sets of discrete time gates, each set defining respective first-occurring and second-occurring measurement intervals and each set corresponding to a particular range of decay characteristic values; and selecting means (d) comprises means for selecting as said certain gate set that gate set whose corresponding decay characteristic range encompasses said known value of the decay characteristic.
 45. The apparatus of claim 43 further comprising:(i) means for selecting, as a function of the new decay characteristic value determined by said determining means (g), one of a finite number of discrete scale factor values F; and (j) means for simultaneously adjusting the durations of said discrete time gates in a subsequent number of irradiation intervals by said selected F value.
 46. The apparatus of claim 45 wherein said adjusting means (j) further comprises means for adjusting in said subsequent number of irradiation intervals the duration of the discrete time delay between the end of the neutron burst and the beginning of said gate sequence by said selected F value, whereby both the times of occurrence and the durations of such discrete time gates are adjusted in common by said selected F value.
 47. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein said adjusting means (j) further comprises means for adjusting the duration and the repetition period of the neutron burst in said subsequent number of irradiation intervals by said selected F value.
 48. The apparatus of claim 45 wherein selecting means (i) comprises:means embodying, for each F value, a range of decay characteristic values within which each F value may be used; and means for selecting as the F value to be used in said subsequent number of irradiation intervals an F value whose corresponding decay characteristic range encompasses the new decay characteristic value determined by said determining means (g).
 49. The apparatus of claim 48 wherein:selecting means (i) further comprises means embodying, within each range of decay characteristic values for each F value, a number of sub-ranges of decay characteristic values and a different gate set corresponding to each sub-range; and means for selecting as said certain gate set to be used during said subsequent number of irradiation intervals the gate set which corresponds both to the F value selected by selecting means (i) and the new decay characteristic value determined by determining means (g).
 50. The apparatus of claim 48 wherein:the F values progressively increase in value by a constant incremental factor from a lowest value to a highest value; and the decay characteristic ranges established for adjacent F values in said progression of F values overlap, whereby there is a region within each said particular decay characteristic range within which either of the two adjacent F values may be used.
 51. The apparatus of claim 44 wherein determining means (g) comprises:means embodying, for each gate set, a previously established empirical relationship between the decay characteristic and the ratio R of neutron concentration measurements for said each set that is valid over substantially the full range of decay characteristic values that corresponds to said each gate set; and means for determining said new value of the decay characteristic from the empirical relationship for said certain gate set selected by selecting means (d).
 52. The apparatus of claim 51 wherein:said decay characteristic is the thermal neutron decay time constant τ; and said empirical relationship is a linear relationship having substantially the form τ=a+b R⁻¹, where R⁻¹ is the inverse of the ratio R of the measurements made in said certain selected gate set and a and b are constants relating τ and R⁻¹ over the range of τ values corresponding to said certain selected gate set.
 53. Apparatus for measuring a thermal neutron decay characteristic of an earth formation comprising:(a) means for irradiating an earth formation with a discrete burst of fast neutrons during each of a succession of irradiation intervals; (b) means for detecting indications of the thermal neutron concentration in the formation during a sequence of contiguous, discrete time gates in each irradiation interval, said sequence of time gates beginning following a discrete time delay after the end of the neutron burst in said irradiation interval and extending throughout the remainder of said irradiation interval; (c) means for selecting, as a function of a known value of the thermal neutron decay characteristic to be measured, one of a finite number of scale factor values F; (d) means for adjusting the durations of the discrete time gates by said selected F value; (e) means for selecting, as a function of said known decay characteristic value and said selected F value, a certain set of said discrete time gates, said selected gate set defining (1) a first-occurring measurement interval and (2) a second-occurring measurement interval within each irradiation interval; (f) means for measuring said detected thermal neutron concentration indications during said first and second measurement intervals over a number of irradiation intervals; (g) means for forming a ratio R of said first and second measurements; (h) means for determining, as a function of said ratio R formed by said ratio forming means (g), a new value of the decay characteristic; and (i) means for using the new decay characteristic value determined by said determining means (h) as said known value of the decay characteristic in said selecting means (c) during a subsequent number of irradiation intervals.
 54. The apparatus of claim 53 wherein detecting means (c) comprises:means embodying a particular range of decay characteristic values within which each F value may be used; and means for selecting as said one F value an F value whose corresponding decay characteristic range encompasses said known decay characteristic value.
 55. The apparatus of claim 54 wherein selecting means (e) comprises:means embodying, within each range of decay characteristic values for each F value, a number of sub-ranges of decay characteristic values and a corresponding number of different gate sets, each of said gate sets defining (1) a first-occurring measurement interval and (2) a second-occurring measurement interval within each irradiation interval; and means for selecting as said certain gate set the gate set which corresponds both to the F value selected by said selecting means (c) and said known decay characteristic value.
 56. The apparatus of claim 55 wherein determining means (h) comprises:means embodying, for each gate set, a previously established empirical relationship between the decay characteristic and the ratio R of neutron concentration measurements for said each set that is valid over substantially the full range of decay characteristic values corresponding to said each gate set; and means for determining said new value of the decay characteristic from the empirical relationship for said certain gate set selected by said selecting means (e).
 57. The apparatus of claim 56 wherein:said decay characteristic is the thermal neutron decay time constant τ; and said empirical relationship is a linear relationship having substantially the form τ=a+b R⁻¹, where R⁻¹ is the inverse of the ratio R of the measurements made in said certain gate set selected by said selecting means (e) and a and b are constants relating τ and R⁻¹ over the range of τ values corresponding to said certain selected gate set. 